Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies

Gemstones have significant economic, cultural, and artistic value. Advances in the treatment and production of synthetic gemstones create the need for more precise identification methods to distinguish natural stones from their synthetic and treated counterparts. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) sp...

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Autores: Soares de Sousa, António, Carvalho Gomes, Elsa María, Bayés García, Laura, Mariano, Alessandra di|||0000-0001-7334-4486, García-Vallès, Maite
Formato: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Recursos:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositorio:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/426383
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/426383
https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-53-2025
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Synthetic gemstones
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
Spectral fingerprints
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria de mines::Processament de minerals
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spelling Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologiesSoares de Sousa, AntónioCarvalho Gomes, Elsa MaríaBayés García, LauraMariano, Alessandra di|||0000-0001-7334-4486García-Vallès, MaiteSynthetic gemstonesFourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopySpectral fingerprintsÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria de mines::Processament de mineralsGemstones have significant economic, cultural, and artistic value. Advances in the treatment and production of synthetic gemstones create the need for more precise identification methods to distinguish natural stones from their synthetic and treated counterparts. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a non-destructive technique, is widely employed in advanced gemological analysis. In this study, 25 rubies and sapphires (natural, synthetic, and treated) from the Gemology School of the University of Barcelona were analysed using standard gemological instruments and FTIR spectroscopy. Distinct spectral fingerprints were identified for different categories and treatments. Untreated natural stones showed a band at 3230¿cm-1 (with an additional peak at 3310¿cm-1 in sapphires), whereas Verneuil specimens showed peaks at 3185, 2230, and 3310¿cm-1 (with this last peak being more intense the one at 3310¿cm-1 in sapphires), and flux specimens showed a 3310¿cm-1 band. Regarding treated gemstones, diffusion-treated samples showed a faint band centred at 3310¿cm-1; the glass-filled ones exhibited characteristic bands at 2250, 2600, and 3300¿cm-1; and the treated Verneuil ruby showed a band centred at 3310¿cm-1. These spectral fingerprints can be used to distinguish between natural, synthetic, and treated rubies and sapphires and contribute to existing databases, allowing for simpler and faster gemological analysis in future studies.Peer ReviewedGeoScienceWorld20252025-02-0120252025-03-12journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/426383https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-53-2025reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/4263832026-05-27T15:37:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
title Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
spellingShingle Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
Soares de Sousa, António
Synthetic gemstones
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
Spectral fingerprints
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria de mines::Processament de minerals
title_short Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
title_full Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
title_fullStr Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
title_full_unstemmed Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
title_sort Fingerprinting of ruby and sapphire gemstones through Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) methodologies
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Soares de Sousa, António
Carvalho Gomes, Elsa María
Bayés García, Laura
Mariano, Alessandra di|||0000-0001-7334-4486
García-Vallès, Maite
author Soares de Sousa, António
author_facet Soares de Sousa, António
Carvalho Gomes, Elsa María
Bayés García, Laura
Mariano, Alessandra di|||0000-0001-7334-4486
García-Vallès, Maite
author_role author
author2 Carvalho Gomes, Elsa María
Bayés García, Laura
Mariano, Alessandra di|||0000-0001-7334-4486
García-Vallès, Maite
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Synthetic gemstones
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
Spectral fingerprints
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria de mines::Processament de minerals
topic Synthetic gemstones
Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
Spectral fingerprints
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Enginyeria de mines::Processament de minerals
description Gemstones have significant economic, cultural, and artistic value. Advances in the treatment and production of synthetic gemstones create the need for more precise identification methods to distinguish natural stones from their synthetic and treated counterparts. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a non-destructive technique, is widely employed in advanced gemological analysis. In this study, 25 rubies and sapphires (natural, synthetic, and treated) from the Gemology School of the University of Barcelona were analysed using standard gemological instruments and FTIR spectroscopy. Distinct spectral fingerprints were identified for different categories and treatments. Untreated natural stones showed a band at 3230¿cm-1 (with an additional peak at 3310¿cm-1 in sapphires), whereas Verneuil specimens showed peaks at 3185, 2230, and 3310¿cm-1 (with this last peak being more intense the one at 3310¿cm-1 in sapphires), and flux specimens showed a 3310¿cm-1 band. Regarding treated gemstones, diffusion-treated samples showed a faint band centred at 3310¿cm-1; the glass-filled ones exhibited characteristic bands at 2250, 2600, and 3300¿cm-1; and the treated Verneuil ruby showed a band centred at 3310¿cm-1. These spectral fingerprints can be used to distinguish between natural, synthetic, and treated rubies and sapphires and contribute to existing databases, allowing for simpler and faster gemological analysis in future studies.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-02-01
2025
2025-03-12
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/426383
https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-53-2025
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/426383
https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-53-2025
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv GeoScienceWorld
publisher.none.fl_str_mv GeoScienceWorld
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
reponame_str UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
collection UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,812455

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