Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact

Pharmaceutical active compounds (PHACs) pose a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems due to their persistence and potential toxic effects. Despite their documented presence in various coastal environments, their occurrence along the Mahdia coastline remains largely unexplored. Using ultra-performan...

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Detalhes bibliográficos
Autores: Fenni, Ferdaws, Sunyer-Caldú, Adrià, Mansour, Hedi Ben, Diaz-Cruz, Silvia
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Recursos:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/396599
Acesso em linha:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/396599
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105011365900
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Wastewater
Antibiotics resistance
Environmental risk
Marine pollution
PHACs
Seawater
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/14
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
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spelling Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impactFenni, FerdawsSunyer-Caldú, AdriàMansour, Hedi BenDiaz-Cruz, SilviaWastewaterAntibiotics resistanceEnvironmental riskMarine pollutionPHACsSeawaterhttp://metadata.un.org/sdg/3http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9http://metadata.un.org/sdg/14Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all agesEnsure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for allBuild resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovationMake cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainableConserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable developmentPharmaceutical active compounds (PHACs) pose a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems due to their persistence and potential toxic effects. Despite their documented presence in various coastal environments, their occurrence along the Mahdia coastline remains largely unexplored. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), we analyzed seawater and sediment samples collected over six consecutive months from Mahdia's marine environment. Results revealed that antibiotics were the most prevalent PHACs, with ofloxacin reaching 401 ng/L in seawater. Other consistently detected compounds included flumequine, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, and N4-acetylsulfamerazine, with maximum concentrations of 16 ng/L, 17.1 ng/L, 12.1 ng/L, and 59.2 ng/L, respectively. Additionally, carbamazepine was detected at 5.2 ng/L, while caffeine concentrations ranged from 12.6 ng/L to 638 ng/L in seawater and up to 6.87 ng/g in sediment. The study also assessed antibiotic resistance risks, expressed as resistance risk quotients (RRQs) and indicating that ofloxacin and flumequine pose a medium-risk threat to bacterial communities. Ecotoxicological evaluations through calculation of ecotoxicological risk quotient (ERQs) and hazard indexes (HI) classified ofloxacin as a low-to-moderate risk for fish populations. These findings provide the first comprehensive mapping of PHAC contamination and potential risks along the Mahdia coast, emphasizing the urgent need for improved wastewater treatment and monitoring programs to mitigate environmental risks.The authors acknowledge the Generalitat de Catalunya (2021SGR 00753) and the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche Scientifique et des Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication of Tunisia for funding this research.Peer reviewedSpringer Nature0000-0003-3331-4076Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/396599https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105011365900reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)InglésEnvironmental science and pollution research internationalhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36743-3Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3965992026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact
title Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact
spellingShingle Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact
Fenni, Ferdaws
Wastewater
Antibiotics resistance
Environmental risk
Marine pollution
PHACs
Seawater
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/14
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
title_short Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact
title_full Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact
title_fullStr Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact
title_full_unstemmed Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact
title_sort Occurrence and risks of pharmaceuticals in Mahdia's coastline (Tunisia): distribution, antibiotic resistance, and ecotoxicological impact
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Fenni, Ferdaws
Sunyer-Caldú, Adrià
Mansour, Hedi Ben
Diaz-Cruz, Silvia
author Fenni, Ferdaws
author_facet Fenni, Ferdaws
Sunyer-Caldú, Adrià
Mansour, Hedi Ben
Diaz-Cruz, Silvia
author_role author
author2 Sunyer-Caldú, Adrià
Mansour, Hedi Ben
Diaz-Cruz, Silvia
author2_role author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv 0000-0003-3331-4076
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Wastewater
Antibiotics resistance
Environmental risk
Marine pollution
PHACs
Seawater
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/14
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
topic Wastewater
Antibiotics resistance
Environmental risk
Marine pollution
PHACs
Seawater
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/6
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/14
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development
description Pharmaceutical active compounds (PHACs) pose a significant risk to aquatic ecosystems due to their persistence and potential toxic effects. Despite their documented presence in various coastal environments, their occurrence along the Mahdia coastline remains largely unexplored. Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), we analyzed seawater and sediment samples collected over six consecutive months from Mahdia's marine environment. Results revealed that antibiotics were the most prevalent PHACs, with ofloxacin reaching 401 ng/L in seawater. Other consistently detected compounds included flumequine, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, and N4-acetylsulfamerazine, with maximum concentrations of 16 ng/L, 17.1 ng/L, 12.1 ng/L, and 59.2 ng/L, respectively. Additionally, carbamazepine was detected at 5.2 ng/L, while caffeine concentrations ranged from 12.6 ng/L to 638 ng/L in seawater and up to 6.87 ng/g in sediment. The study also assessed antibiotic resistance risks, expressed as resistance risk quotients (RRQs) and indicating that ofloxacin and flumequine pose a medium-risk threat to bacterial communities. Ecotoxicological evaluations through calculation of ecotoxicological risk quotient (ERQs) and hazard indexes (HI) classified ofloxacin as a low-to-moderate risk for fish populations. These findings provide the first comprehensive mapping of PHAC contamination and potential risks along the Mahdia coast, emphasizing the urgent need for improved wastewater treatment and monitoring programs to mitigate environmental risks.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/396599
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105011365900
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/396599
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105011365900
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Environmental science and pollution research international
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-36743-3
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer Nature
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer Nature
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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