Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI

This study developed and validated the Fears Towards Generative Artificial Intelligence scale, a novel instrument assessing individuals’ concerns about emerging generative AI technologies, which are increasingly integrated into daily life. Methods Drawing on qualitative data from three focus groups...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Corradi, Guido Bartolomé, Theirs, Cecilia, Martínez Martí, Maria Luisa, Isern-Mas, Carme, Villar, Sergio
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
Repositorio:e-spacio (DSpace). Repositorio Institucional de la UNED
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:e-spacio(ds_::3cf60c7cdb5d5c4499e2ea9f1a1dc0f5
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/32679
Access Level:acceso embargado
Palabra clave:61 Psicología
psychometrics
generative artificial intelligence
fear
AI and society
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spelling Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAICorradi, Guido BartoloméTheirs, CeciliaMartínez Martí, Maria LuisaIsern-Mas, CarmeVillar, Sergio61 Psicologíapsychometricsgenerative artificial intelligencefearAI and societyThis study developed and validated the Fears Towards Generative Artificial Intelligence scale, a novel instrument assessing individuals’ concerns about emerging generative AI technologies, which are increasingly integrated into daily life. Methods Drawing on qualitative data from three focus groups and subsequent quantitative validation with 303 participants, we initially derived 37 items that captured diverse fears, including concerns about job displacement, social inequalities, and loss of human autonomy commonly associated with generative AI systems. Results Exploratory factor analyses supported a unidimensional structure of the scale, demonstrating strong reliability and content validity. Regression models revealed that negative attitudes towards AI and perceived threats to employment were key predictors of heightened fear, while greater usage and familiarity were linked to reduced fear. We also present a short 4-item version of the scale generated by a genetic algorithm and tested with 101 new participants which presents good psychometric properties. Conclusion The FTGAI scale addresses a critical measurement gap and offers a comprehensive tool for researchers and policymakers seeking to understand and mitigate fears towards generative AI’s growing societal impact.WILEYe-Spacio UNED20262026-05-2220252025-10-3020252025-10-30journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/32679reponame:e-spacio (DSpace). Repositorio Institucional de la UNEDinstname:Universidad Nacional de Educación a DistanciaInglésengembargoed accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cfinfo:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.esoai:dnet:e-spacio(ds_::3cf60c7cdb5d5c4499e2ea9f1a1dc0f52026-06-15T06:41:27Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI
title Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI
spellingShingle Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI
Corradi, Guido Bartolomé
61 Psicología
psychometrics
generative artificial intelligence
fear
AI and society
title_short Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI
title_full Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI
title_fullStr Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI
title_full_unstemmed Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI
title_sort Who Fears Generative Artificial Intelligence? Scale Development and Predictors of Fears Towards GenAI
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Corradi, Guido Bartolomé
Theirs, Cecilia
Martínez Martí, Maria Luisa
Isern-Mas, Carme
Villar, Sergio
author Corradi, Guido Bartolomé
author_facet Corradi, Guido Bartolomé
Theirs, Cecilia
Martínez Martí, Maria Luisa
Isern-Mas, Carme
Villar, Sergio
author_role author
author2 Theirs, Cecilia
Martínez Martí, Maria Luisa
Isern-Mas, Carme
Villar, Sergio
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv e-Spacio UNED
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv 61 Psicología
psychometrics
generative artificial intelligence
fear
AI and society
topic 61 Psicología
psychometrics
generative artificial intelligence
fear
AI and society
description This study developed and validated the Fears Towards Generative Artificial Intelligence scale, a novel instrument assessing individuals’ concerns about emerging generative AI technologies, which are increasingly integrated into daily life. Methods Drawing on qualitative data from three focus groups and subsequent quantitative validation with 303 participants, we initially derived 37 items that captured diverse fears, including concerns about job displacement, social inequalities, and loss of human autonomy commonly associated with generative AI systems. Results Exploratory factor analyses supported a unidimensional structure of the scale, demonstrating strong reliability and content validity. Regression models revealed that negative attitudes towards AI and perceived threats to employment were key predictors of heightened fear, while greater usage and familiarity were linked to reduced fear. We also present a short 4-item version of the scale generated by a genetic algorithm and tested with 101 new participants which presents good psychometric properties. Conclusion The FTGAI scale addresses a critical measurement gap and offers a comprehensive tool for researchers and policymakers seeking to understand and mitigate fears towards generative AI’s growing societal impact.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-10-30
2025
2025-10-30
2026
2026-05-22
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/32679
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/32679
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv embargoed access
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info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
rights_invalid_str_mv embargoed access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_f1cf
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es
eu_rights_str_mv embargoedAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv WILEY
publisher.none.fl_str_mv WILEY
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:e-spacio (DSpace). Repositorio Institucional de la UNED
instname:Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
instname_str Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
reponame_str e-spacio (DSpace). Repositorio Institucional de la UNED
collection e-spacio (DSpace). Repositorio Institucional de la UNED
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