A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks

LoRa is popular in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain as a Low Power,Wide Area Network (LPWAN) radio technology, providing low-power and long-range communication in the sub-GHz band. Most often, LoRa is used as part of the LoRaWAN architecture with a star-of-stars topology, but it can also be opera...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Pueyo Centelles, Roger|||0000-0002-3133-0657, Meseguer Pallarès, Roc|||0000-0002-9414-646X, Freitag, Fèlix|||0000-0001-5438-479X, Baig Viñas, Roger|||0000-0001-9813-7678, Navarro Moldes, Leandro|||0000-0003-4775-5526
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2024
País:España
Institución:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositorio:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/416439
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/416439
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443605
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:LoRa
Mesh network
Routing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors
id ES_8ec0011b411c6b0d1241e0a036682a79
oai_identifier_str oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/416439
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
spelling A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networksPueyo Centelles, Roger|||0000-0002-3133-0657Meseguer Pallarès, Roc|||0000-0002-9414-646XFreitag, Fèlix|||0000-0001-5438-479XBaig Viñas, Roger|||0000-0001-9813-7678Navarro Moldes, Leandro|||0000-0003-4775-5526LoRaMesh networkRoutingÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadorsLoRa is popular in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain as a Low Power,Wide Area Network (LPWAN) radio technology, providing low-power and long-range communication in the sub-GHz band. Most often, LoRa is used as part of the LoRaWAN architecture with a star-of-stars topology, but it can also be operated standalone. This paper presents and evaluates a minimalistic Routing Protocol (RP) for building LoRa networks with a more flexible mesh network topology. We propose a Time on Air (ToA) metric that, when used in heterogeneous network topologies, can take better advantage of LoRa’s multiple Spreading Factors (SFs), and their trade-off between transmission distance and bit rate, and their quasi-orthogonality property. We evaluate the routing protocol with the FLoRa framework and OMNeT++ and compare it with other common routing strategies. Our experiments provide a comprehensive understanding of the routing protocol performance concerning the scalability, throughput, and latency in several topology and network traffic scenarios. When using the ToA metric, we observed in LoRa mesh networks formed by random topologies and heterogeneous links the positive impact of a more balanced Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) among the nodes with different network centrality, suggesting hence the multi-SF ToA metric to be used for improved PDR in conditions that are expected to occur in real-world systems. Regarding goodput, we observed that using multiple SF simultaneously had a limited impact on low to high traffic loads but dramatically improved throughput and goodput in traffic saturation scenarios. This suggests that multi-SF operation would be preferred to maximize network performance.We observed the best latency performance with multi-SF ToA for low and medium traffic loads, especially for the random topology, where the metric can again take advantage of the node and link heterogeneity.This work was supported in part by Spanish State Research Agency under Grant PDC2023-145809-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, in part by the Recovery and Resilience Mechanism of European Union, and in part by European Union-NextGenerationEU.Peer ReviewedInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)20242024-08-1420242024-10-23journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/416439https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443605reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)InglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 PDC2023-145809-I00 REDES DE MALLA LORA PARA IOTopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/4164392026-05-27T15:37:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks
title A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks
spellingShingle A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks
Pueyo Centelles, Roger|||0000-0002-3133-0657
LoRa
Mesh network
Routing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors
title_short A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks
title_full A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks
title_fullStr A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks
title_full_unstemmed A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks
title_sort A minimalistic distance-vector routing protocol for LoRa mesh networks
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Pueyo Centelles, Roger|||0000-0002-3133-0657
Meseguer Pallarès, Roc|||0000-0002-9414-646X
Freitag, Fèlix|||0000-0001-5438-479X
Baig Viñas, Roger|||0000-0001-9813-7678
Navarro Moldes, Leandro|||0000-0003-4775-5526
author Pueyo Centelles, Roger|||0000-0002-3133-0657
author_facet Pueyo Centelles, Roger|||0000-0002-3133-0657
Meseguer Pallarès, Roc|||0000-0002-9414-646X
Freitag, Fèlix|||0000-0001-5438-479X
Baig Viñas, Roger|||0000-0001-9813-7678
Navarro Moldes, Leandro|||0000-0003-4775-5526
author_role author
author2 Meseguer Pallarès, Roc|||0000-0002-9414-646X
Freitag, Fèlix|||0000-0001-5438-479X
Baig Viñas, Roger|||0000-0001-9813-7678
Navarro Moldes, Leandro|||0000-0003-4775-5526
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv LoRa
Mesh network
Routing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors
topic LoRa
Mesh network
Routing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria de la telecomunicació::Telemàtica i xarxes d'ordinadors
description LoRa is popular in the Internet of Things (IoT) domain as a Low Power,Wide Area Network (LPWAN) radio technology, providing low-power and long-range communication in the sub-GHz band. Most often, LoRa is used as part of the LoRaWAN architecture with a star-of-stars topology, but it can also be operated standalone. This paper presents and evaluates a minimalistic Routing Protocol (RP) for building LoRa networks with a more flexible mesh network topology. We propose a Time on Air (ToA) metric that, when used in heterogeneous network topologies, can take better advantage of LoRa’s multiple Spreading Factors (SFs), and their trade-off between transmission distance and bit rate, and their quasi-orthogonality property. We evaluate the routing protocol with the FLoRa framework and OMNeT++ and compare it with other common routing strategies. Our experiments provide a comprehensive understanding of the routing protocol performance concerning the scalability, throughput, and latency in several topology and network traffic scenarios. When using the ToA metric, we observed in LoRa mesh networks formed by random topologies and heterogeneous links the positive impact of a more balanced Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) among the nodes with different network centrality, suggesting hence the multi-SF ToA metric to be used for improved PDR in conditions that are expected to occur in real-world systems. Regarding goodput, we observed that using multiple SF simultaneously had a limited impact on low to high traffic loads but dramatically improved throughput and goodput in traffic saturation scenarios. This suggests that multi-SF operation would be preferred to maximize network performance.We observed the best latency performance with multi-SF ToA for low and medium traffic loads, especially for the random topology, where the metric can again take advantage of the node and link heterogeneity.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2024
2024-08-14
2024
2024-10-23
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/416439
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443605
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/416439
https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3443605
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 PDC2023-145809-I00 REDES DE MALLA LORA PARA IOT
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
reponame_str UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
collection UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
_version_ 1869413155116941312
score 15.811543

Similares en LA Referencia