Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials

This study investigates the particulate matter (PM) emissions generated from the wear of four different commercial brake pads (two Low-Steel and two Non-Asbestos Organic). Brake materials were tested by means of the AK Master test procedure, and emitted brake wear PM was collected by means of a Deka...

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Autores: Diana, A., Conca, E., Bartrolí, Rafael, Moreno, Teresa, Querol, Xavier, Padoan, E., Abollino, O., Inaudi, P., Malandrino, M., Amato, Fulvio
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/390239
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/390239
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105005252289
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Tribological behaviour
AK Master
Brake pads
Chemometric treatment
Elemental composition
Particulate matter
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/7
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
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spelling Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materialsDiana, A.Conca, E.Bartrolí, RafaelMoreno, TeresaQuerol, XavierPadoan, E.Abollino, O.Inaudi, P.Malandrino, M.Amato, FulvioTribological behaviourAK MasterBrake padsChemometric treatmentElemental compositionParticulate matterhttp://metadata.un.org/sdg/3http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11http://metadata.un.org/sdg/7Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all agesEnsure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for allBuild resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovationMake cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainableThis study investigates the particulate matter (PM) emissions generated from the wear of four different commercial brake pads (two Low-Steel and two Non-Asbestos Organic). Brake materials were tested by means of the AK Master test procedure, and emitted brake wear PM was collected by means of a Dekati Low-Pressure Impactor. For each tested pad, the 13 samples collected at each impactor stage during three sections of the test were weighted and then subjected to acidic digestion and ICP-OES and ICP-MS elemental analysis; a suite of 56 elements was analysed. The analysis revealed distinct differences in emission profiles based on both pad composition and braking intensity. Low-Steel pads emitted more PM10 and PM2.5 under mild braking conditions, while Non-Asbestos Organic pads emitted higher levels of PM0.1 during intense braking. The size distribution of PM emissions shifted from unimodal to bimodal as severe braking events increased, with fine and ultrafine particles becoming more prominent. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify chemical composition differences between the brake pads. Low-Steel pads emitted iron-rich particles due to the ferrous materials in their composition, while Non-Asbestos Organic pads emitted particles rich in non-ferrous metals such as barium and titanium. Additionally, driving style had a strong influence on both the quantity and size distribution of the emitted PM. Frequent, intense braking events led to a significant increase in the total quantity of PM and a higher proportion of fine and ultrafine particles. The findings highlight the importance of material composition and braking behaviour in mitigating brake wear emissions, which are projected to become the dominant source of traffic-related air pollution in the future.The project was carried out with the BBVA Foundation Help for Cultural Researchers and Creators 2016 and by the San Paolo Foundation (Ex-Post 2020 Call—ASSEMBLY Project) and acknowledge support from the Project CH4.0 under the MUR program “Dipartimenti di Eccellenza 2023–2027" (CUP: D13C22003520001).Peer reviewedElsevier0000-0002-8352-0487Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/390239https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105005252289reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)InglésWearhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2025.206131Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3902392026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials
title Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials
spellingShingle Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials
Diana, A.
Tribological behaviour
AK Master
Brake pads
Chemometric treatment
Elemental composition
Particulate matter
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/7
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
title_short Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials
title_full Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials
title_fullStr Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials
title_full_unstemmed Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials
title_sort Particulate matter emissions from brake pads: A comparative study of low-steel and non-asbestos organic materials
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Diana, A.
Conca, E.
Bartrolí, Rafael
Moreno, Teresa
Querol, Xavier
Padoan, E.
Abollino, O.
Inaudi, P.
Malandrino, M.
Amato, Fulvio
author Diana, A.
author_facet Diana, A.
Conca, E.
Bartrolí, Rafael
Moreno, Teresa
Querol, Xavier
Padoan, E.
Abollino, O.
Inaudi, P.
Malandrino, M.
Amato, Fulvio
author_role author
author2 Conca, E.
Bartrolí, Rafael
Moreno, Teresa
Querol, Xavier
Padoan, E.
Abollino, O.
Inaudi, P.
Malandrino, M.
Amato, Fulvio
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv 0000-0002-8352-0487
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Tribological behaviour
AK Master
Brake pads
Chemometric treatment
Elemental composition
Particulate matter
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/7
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
topic Tribological behaviour
AK Master
Brake pads
Chemometric treatment
Elemental composition
Particulate matter
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/3
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/9
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/11
http://metadata.un.org/sdg/7
Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable
description This study investigates the particulate matter (PM) emissions generated from the wear of four different commercial brake pads (two Low-Steel and two Non-Asbestos Organic). Brake materials were tested by means of the AK Master test procedure, and emitted brake wear PM was collected by means of a Dekati Low-Pressure Impactor. For each tested pad, the 13 samples collected at each impactor stage during three sections of the test were weighted and then subjected to acidic digestion and ICP-OES and ICP-MS elemental analysis; a suite of 56 elements was analysed. The analysis revealed distinct differences in emission profiles based on both pad composition and braking intensity. Low-Steel pads emitted more PM10 and PM2.5 under mild braking conditions, while Non-Asbestos Organic pads emitted higher levels of PM0.1 during intense braking. The size distribution of PM emissions shifted from unimodal to bimodal as severe braking events increased, with fine and ultrafine particles becoming more prominent. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to identify chemical composition differences between the brake pads. Low-Steel pads emitted iron-rich particles due to the ferrous materials in their composition, while Non-Asbestos Organic pads emitted particles rich in non-ferrous metals such as barium and titanium. Additionally, driving style had a strong influence on both the quantity and size distribution of the emitted PM. Frequent, intense braking events led to a significant increase in the total quantity of PM and a higher proportion of fine and ultrafine particles. The findings highlight the importance of material composition and braking behaviour in mitigating brake wear emissions, which are projected to become the dominant source of traffic-related air pollution in the future.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/390239
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105005252289
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/390239
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105005252289
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Wear
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2025.206131
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,81155

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