Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs

Background Haematological and clinical biochemistry analyses are essential tools for evaluating the health status of avian species, including the endangered Bonelli’s eagle. Despite their importance, existing reference intervals (RIs) for such parameters in raptor species are frequently constrained...

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Autores: González González, Fernando, Perez Luzardo, Octavio, Revuelta Rueda, Luis, Suárez Regalado, Laura, Moraleda Fernández, Virginia, Carrero Ruíz, Alicia, Del Río, Laura
Tipo de documento: artigo
Data de publicação:2025
País:España
Recursos:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
Repositório:Docta Complutense
Idioma:inglês
OAI Identifier:oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/120573
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/120573
Access Level:Acceso aberto
Palavra-chave:636.6:598.279
Aquila fasciata
Blood chemistry
Bonelli’s eagle
Haematology
PCA
Reference values
Aves
Microbiología (Biología)
3109 Ciencias Veterinarias
3109.05 Microbiología
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oai_identifier_str oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/120573
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
spelling Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programsGonzález González, FernandoPerez Luzardo, OctavioRevuelta Rueda, LuisSuárez Regalado, LauraMoraleda Fernández, VirginiaCarrero Ruíz, AliciaDel Río, Laura636.6:598.279Aquila fasciataBlood chemistryBonelli’s eagleHaematologyPCAReference valuesAvesMicrobiología (Biología)3109 Ciencias Veterinarias3109.05 MicrobiologíaBackground Haematological and clinical biochemistry analyses are essential tools for evaluating the health status of avian species, including the endangered Bonelli’s eagle. Despite their importance, existing reference intervals (RIs) for such parameters in raptor species are frequently constrained by limited sample sizes, thus complicating clini cal interpretations. This research followed the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines to establish haematological and clinical biochemistry reference intervals for the Bonelli’s eagle, utilizing an indirect approach. Conservation initiatives of the Bonelli’s eagle have provided a unique opportunity to gather a high number of samples under various conditions, facilitating a comprehensive comparison between wild and captive populations. Over the course of six years, from 2016 to 2021, our research analyzed 516 blood samples collected within the frame work of a European Life Project. After rigorous data cleaning and stringent selection criteria application, a representa tive sample of 184 birds was determined. Various physiological parameters and blood lead levels were quantifed in healthy individuals. Additionally, we used Principal Component Analysis to discern distinctions between popula tions and to investigate potential interrelationships among the diverse parameters. Results We established Reference Intervals for three distinct reference groups of birds: wild nestlings (n = 72), cap tive nestlings (n = 45), and adults (n = 49). Our fndings indicate that age signifcantly afects many blood param eters. Meanwhile, gender impacts only a few parameters in adult birds. Notably, wild nestlings exhibited higher levels of AST, K, TP, and Pb in their blood compared to those bred in captivity. Conclusions This paper provides the frst reliable RI for physiological, haematological, and clinical biochemistry parameters in both nestling and adult Bonelli’s eagles. The data will augment the knowledge of the physiology of this endangered raptor, contributing signifcantly to the understanding and monitoring of both free-living birds and cap tivity programsBioMed CentralUniversidad Complutense de Madrid20252025-01-0120252025-01-01journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/120573reponame:Docta Complutenseinstname:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/1205732026-06-02T12:44:21Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs
title Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs
spellingShingle Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs
González González, Fernando
636.6:598.279
Aquila fasciata
Blood chemistry
Bonelli’s eagle
Haematology
PCA
Reference values
Aves
Microbiología (Biología)
3109 Ciencias Veterinarias
3109.05 Microbiología
title_short Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs
title_full Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs
title_fullStr Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs
title_full_unstemmed Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs
title_sort Haematological and biochemical reference values for Bonelli's eagles in the wild and in captivity: implications for conservation and rehabilitation programs
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv González González, Fernando
Perez Luzardo, Octavio
Revuelta Rueda, Luis
Suárez Regalado, Laura
Moraleda Fernández, Virginia
Carrero Ruíz, Alicia
Del Río, Laura
author González González, Fernando
author_facet González González, Fernando
Perez Luzardo, Octavio
Revuelta Rueda, Luis
Suárez Regalado, Laura
Moraleda Fernández, Virginia
Carrero Ruíz, Alicia
Del Río, Laura
author_role author
author2 Perez Luzardo, Octavio
Revuelta Rueda, Luis
Suárez Regalado, Laura
Moraleda Fernández, Virginia
Carrero Ruíz, Alicia
Del Río, Laura
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidad Complutense de Madrid
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv 636.6:598.279
Aquila fasciata
Blood chemistry
Bonelli’s eagle
Haematology
PCA
Reference values
Aves
Microbiología (Biología)
3109 Ciencias Veterinarias
3109.05 Microbiología
topic 636.6:598.279
Aquila fasciata
Blood chemistry
Bonelli’s eagle
Haematology
PCA
Reference values
Aves
Microbiología (Biología)
3109 Ciencias Veterinarias
3109.05 Microbiología
description Background Haematological and clinical biochemistry analyses are essential tools for evaluating the health status of avian species, including the endangered Bonelli’s eagle. Despite their importance, existing reference intervals (RIs) for such parameters in raptor species are frequently constrained by limited sample sizes, thus complicating clini cal interpretations. This research followed the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) guidelines to establish haematological and clinical biochemistry reference intervals for the Bonelli’s eagle, utilizing an indirect approach. Conservation initiatives of the Bonelli’s eagle have provided a unique opportunity to gather a high number of samples under various conditions, facilitating a comprehensive comparison between wild and captive populations. Over the course of six years, from 2016 to 2021, our research analyzed 516 blood samples collected within the frame work of a European Life Project. After rigorous data cleaning and stringent selection criteria application, a representa tive sample of 184 birds was determined. Various physiological parameters and blood lead levels were quantifed in healthy individuals. Additionally, we used Principal Component Analysis to discern distinctions between popula tions and to investigate potential interrelationships among the diverse parameters. Results We established Reference Intervals for three distinct reference groups of birds: wild nestlings (n = 72), cap tive nestlings (n = 45), and adults (n = 49). Our fndings indicate that age signifcantly afects many blood param eters. Meanwhile, gender impacts only a few parameters in adult birds. Notably, wild nestlings exhibited higher levels of AST, K, TP, and Pb in their blood compared to those bred in captivity. Conclusions This paper provides the frst reliable RI for physiological, haematological, and clinical biochemistry parameters in both nestling and adult Bonelli’s eagles. The data will augment the knowledge of the physiology of this endangered raptor, contributing signifcantly to the understanding and monitoring of both free-living birds and cap tivity programs
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-01-01
2025
2025-01-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/120573
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/120573
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv BioMed Central
publisher.none.fl_str_mv BioMed Central
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Docta Complutense
instname:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
instname_str Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
reponame_str Docta Complutense
collection Docta Complutense
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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