Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)

Background: Life expectancy in high-income countries remained lower in 2022 compared to pre-pandemic levels in 2019. This study explores the deficit of life expectancy and excess of years of life lost (YLL) in Spain from 2020 to 2022, assessing both direct effects of infectious diseases and indirect...

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Autores: Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X, Gómez Acebo, Inés, Alonso Molero, Jessica, Delgado-Rodríguez, Miguel, Dierssen Sotos, Trinidad
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Cantabria (UC)
Repositorio:UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:repositorio.unican.es:10902/36447
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/10902/36447
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Life expectancy
Years of life lost
COVID-19
Excess mortality
Pandemic mortality chronic diseases
Infectious diseases
Non-infectious diseases
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spelling Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861XGómez Acebo, InésAlonso Molero, JessicaDelgado-Rodríguez, MiguelDierssen Sotos, TrinidadLife expectancyYears of life lostCOVID-19Excess mortalityPandemic mortality chronic diseasesInfectious diseasesNon-infectious diseasesBackground: Life expectancy in high-income countries remained lower in 2022 compared to pre-pandemic levels in 2019. This study explores the deficit of life expectancy and excess of years of life lost (YLL) in Spain from 2020 to 2022, assessing both direct effects of infectious diseases and indirect effects of other causes of death. Methods: Data on life expectancy and YLL from 2010 to 2022 were obtained from the Spanish Institute for Statistics (INE). Using linear regression, we estimated expected life expectancy and YLL for 2020?2022 under the assumption that pre-pandemic trends (2010?2019) had continued. Results: During the first year of the pandemic, Spanish women lost 1.10 years and men lost 1.40 years in life expectancy. By 2022, life expectancy remained lower than in 2019 for both sexes. The excess YLL was similar across 2020 (2.40 million YLL and 5.3 YLL/100 people), 2021 (2.35 million YLL, 5.1 YLL/100 people), and 2022 (2.35 million YLL, 5.0 YLL/100 people). Approximately 70% of this excess was attributable to infectious diseases (87% in 2020, 78% in 2021, and 43% in 2022). Other major contributors to excess YLL included external causes, circulatory diseases, digestive diseases, and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases, while cancer mortality did not show an excess during the pandemic period. Conclusions: Mortality in Spain in 2022 remained elevated compared to pre-pandemic expectations. The contribution of non-infectious diseases to excess mortality increased over time.BioMed CentralUniversidad de Cantabria20252025-01-01journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501NAhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_be7fb7dd8ff6fe43info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttps://hdl.handle.net/10902/36447BMC Public Health, 2025, 25, 1885reponame:UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabriainstname:Universidad de Cantabria (UC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:repositorio.unican.es:10902/364472026-06-02T12:39:31Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)
title Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)
spellingShingle Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)
Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X
Life expectancy
Years of life lost
COVID-19
Excess mortality
Pandemic mortality chronic diseases
Infectious diseases
Non-infectious diseases
title_short Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)
title_full Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)
title_fullStr Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)
title_full_unstemmed Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)
title_sort Direct and indirect burden of COVID-19 on mortality in Spain (2020 to 2022)
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X
Gómez Acebo, Inés
Alonso Molero, Jessica
Delgado-Rodríguez, Miguel
Dierssen Sotos, Trinidad
author Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X
author_facet Llorca Díaz, Francisco Javier|||0000-0001-8569-861X
Gómez Acebo, Inés
Alonso Molero, Jessica
Delgado-Rodríguez, Miguel
Dierssen Sotos, Trinidad
author_role author
author2 Gómez Acebo, Inés
Alonso Molero, Jessica
Delgado-Rodríguez, Miguel
Dierssen Sotos, Trinidad
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidad de Cantabria
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Life expectancy
Years of life lost
COVID-19
Excess mortality
Pandemic mortality chronic diseases
Infectious diseases
Non-infectious diseases
topic Life expectancy
Years of life lost
COVID-19
Excess mortality
Pandemic mortality chronic diseases
Infectious diseases
Non-infectious diseases
description Background: Life expectancy in high-income countries remained lower in 2022 compared to pre-pandemic levels in 2019. This study explores the deficit of life expectancy and excess of years of life lost (YLL) in Spain from 2020 to 2022, assessing both direct effects of infectious diseases and indirect effects of other causes of death. Methods: Data on life expectancy and YLL from 2010 to 2022 were obtained from the Spanish Institute for Statistics (INE). Using linear regression, we estimated expected life expectancy and YLL for 2020?2022 under the assumption that pre-pandemic trends (2010?2019) had continued. Results: During the first year of the pandemic, Spanish women lost 1.10 years and men lost 1.40 years in life expectancy. By 2022, life expectancy remained lower than in 2019 for both sexes. The excess YLL was similar across 2020 (2.40 million YLL and 5.3 YLL/100 people), 2021 (2.35 million YLL, 5.1 YLL/100 people), and 2022 (2.35 million YLL, 5.0 YLL/100 people). Approximately 70% of this excess was attributable to infectious diseases (87% in 2020, 78% in 2021, and 43% in 2022). Other major contributors to excess YLL included external causes, circulatory diseases, digestive diseases, and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases, while cancer mortality did not show an excess during the pandemic period. Conclusions: Mortality in Spain in 2022 remained elevated compared to pre-pandemic expectations. The contribution of non-infectious diseases to excess mortality increased over time.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-01-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
NA
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_be7fb7dd8ff6fe43
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10902/36447
url https://hdl.handle.net/10902/36447
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv BioMed Central
publisher.none.fl_str_mv BioMed Central
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv BMC Public Health, 2025, 25, 1885
reponame:UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria
instname:Universidad de Cantabria (UC)
instname_str Universidad de Cantabria (UC)
reponame_str UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria
collection UCrea Repositorio Abierto de la Universidad de Cantabria
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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