First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ~1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ~25 μ...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration, Alberdi, Antxón, Gómez Fernández, José L.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2019
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/179919
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/179919
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Black hole physics
Galaxies: individual (M87)
Galaxy: center
Gravitational lensing: strong
Instrumentation: interferometers
Techniques: high angular resolution
id ES_7f4e54cb2c640ed13322cb0bdabbc62c
oai_identifier_str oai:digital.csic.es:10261/179919
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
title First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
spellingShingle First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
Black hole physics
Galaxies: individual (M87)
Galaxy: center
Gravitational lensing: strong
Instrumentation: interferometers
Techniques: high angular resolution
title_short First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
title_full First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
title_fullStr First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
title_full_unstemmed First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
title_sort First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
Alberdi, Antxón
Gómez Fernández, José L.
author The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
author_facet The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration
Alberdi, Antxón
Gómez Fernández, José L.
author_role author
author2 Alberdi, Antxón
Gómez Fernández, José L.
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Academy of Finland
European Commission
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
John Templeton Foundation
China Scholarship Council
Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile)
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México)
European Research Council
Generalitat Valenciana
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
Japanese Government
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Max Planck Society
Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan)
NASA
National Science Foundation (US)
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
National Research Foundation of Korea
Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research
National Research Foundation (South Africa)
Russian Science Foundation
Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca
Alberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033]
Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Black hole physics
Galaxies: individual (M87)
Galaxy: center
Gravitational lensing: strong
Instrumentation: interferometers
Techniques: high angular resolution
topic Black hole physics
Galaxies: individual (M87)
Galaxy: center
Gravitational lensing: strong
Instrumentation: interferometers
Techniques: high angular resolution
description The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ~1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ~25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s−1, exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.© 2019. The American Astronomical Society
publishDate 2019
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2019
2019
2019
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/179919
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/179919
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/610058
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/731016
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2016-80889-P
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/SEV-2017-0709
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/730562
http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Physics Publishing
American Astronomical Society
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Physics Publishing
American Astronomical Society
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
_version_ 1869411814244089856
spelling First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and InstrumentationThe Event Horizon Telescope CollaborationAlberdi, AntxónGómez Fernández, José L.Black hole physicsGalaxies: individual (M87)Galaxy: centerGravitational lensing: strongInstrumentation: interferometersTechniques: high angular resolutionThe Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that comprises millimeter- and submillimeter-wavelength telescopes separated by distances comparable to the diameter of the Earth. At a nominal operating wavelength of ~1.3 mm, EHT angular resolution (λ/D) is ~25 μas, which is sufficient to resolve nearby supermassive black hole candidates on spatial and temporal scales that correspond to their event horizons. With this capability, the EHT scientific goals are to probe general relativistic effects in the strong-field regime and to study accretion and relativistic jet formation near the black hole boundary. In this Letter we describe the system design of the EHT, detail the technology and instrumentation that enable observations, and provide measures of its performance. Meeting the EHT science objectives has required several key developments that have facilitated the robust extension of the VLBI technique to EHT observing wavelengths and the production of instrumentation that can be deployed on a heterogeneous array of existing telescopes and facilities. To meet sensitivity requirements, high-bandwidth digital systems were developed that process data at rates of 64 gigabit s−1, exceeding those of currently operating cm-wavelength VLBI arrays by more than an order of magnitude. Associated improvements include the development of phasing systems at array facilities, new receiver installation at several sites, and the deployment of hydrogen maser frequency standards to ensure coherent data capture across the array. These efforts led to the coordination and execution of the first Global EHT observations in 2017 April, and to event-horizon-scale imaging of the supermassive black hole candidate in M87.© 2019. The American Astronomical SocietyThe authors of this Letter thank the following organizations and programs: the Academy of Finland (projects 274477, 284495, 312496); the Advanced European Network of E-infrastructures for Astronomy with the SKA (AENEAS) project, supported by the European Commission Framework Programme Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action under grant agreement 731016; the Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung; the Black Hole Initiative at Harvard University, through a grant (60477) from the John Templeton Foundation; the China Scholarship Council; Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT, Chile, via PIA ACT172033, Fondecyt 1171506, BASAL AFB170002, ALMA-conicyt 31140007); Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT, Mexico, projects 104497, 275201, 279006, 281692); the Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute; Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico-Universidad Nacional 9 The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 875:L1 (17pp), 2019 April 10 The EHT Collaboration et al. Autónoma de México (DGAPA-UNAM, project IN112417); the European Research Council (ERC) Synergy Grant “BlackHoleCam: Imaging the Event Horizon of Black Holes” (grant 610058); the Generalitat Valenciana postdoctoral grant APOSTD/2018/177; the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (grants GBMF-3561, GBMF-5278); the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV; the International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne; the Jansky Fellowship program of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO); the Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship; the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellowship (JP17J08829); JSPS Overseas Research Fellowships; the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, ChineseAcademy of Sciences (CAS, grants QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJ-SSW-SYS008); the Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship; the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG); the Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG and the CAS; the MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI (grants 18KK0090, JP18K13594, JP18K03656, JP18H03721, 18K03709, 18H01245, 25120007); the MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds; the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan (105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 106-2112-M001-011, 106-2119-M-001-027, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107- 2119-M-001-020, and 107-2119-M-110-005); the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, Fermi Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC17K0649); the National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan; the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant 2016YFA0400704, 2016YFA0400702); the National Science Foundation (NSF, grants AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST-0521233, AST0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST-1126433, AST1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST-1207730, AST1207752, MRI-1228509, OPP-1248097, AST-1310896, AST1312651, AST-1337663, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST1715061, AST-1615796, AST-1614868, AST-1716327, OISE1743747, AST-1816420); the Natural Science Foundation of China (grants 11573051, 11633006, 11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11873073, U1531245, 11473010); the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC, including a Discovery Grant and the NSERC Alexander Graham Bell Canada Graduate Scholarships-Doctoral Program); the National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China; the National Research Foundation of Korea (grant 2015-R1D1A1A01056807, the Global PhD Fellowship Grant: NRF-2015H1A2A1033752, and the Korea Research Fellowship Program: NRF-2015H1D3A1066561); the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) VICI award (grant 639.043.513) and Spinoza Prize (SPI 78-409); the New Scientific Frontiers with PrecisionRadio Interferometry Fellowship awarded by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO), which is a facility of the National Research Foundation (NRF), an agency of the Department of Science and Technology (DST) of South Africa; the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) national infrastructure, for the provisioning of its facilities/observational support (OSO receives funding through the Swedish Research Council under grant 2017-00648); the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (research at Perimeter Institute is supported by the Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada and by the Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade); the Russian Science Foundation (grant 17-12-01029); the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (grants AYA2015-63939-C2-1-P, AYA2016-80889-P); the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709); the Toray Science Foundation; the US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory (operated by Triad National Security, LLC, for the National Nuclear Security Administration of the USDOE (Contract 89233218CNA000001)); the Italian Ministero dell’Istruzione Università e Ricerca through the grant Progetti Premiali 2012-iALMA (CUP C52I13000140001); the European Unionʼs Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 730562 RadioNet; ALMA North America Development Fund; Chandra TM6-17006XPeer reviewedInstitute of Physics PublishingAmerican Astronomical SocietyAcademy of FinlandEuropean CommissionAlexander von Humboldt FoundationJohn Templeton FoundationChina Scholarship CouncilComisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (Chile)Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México)European Research CouncilGeneralitat ValencianaMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (España)Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)Gordon and Betty Moore FoundationIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareJapanese GovernmentJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesMax Planck SocietyMinistry of Science and Technology (Taiwan)NASANational Science Foundation (US)National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNational Research Foundation of KoreaNetherlands Organization for Scientific ResearchNational Research Foundation (South Africa)Russian Science FoundationMinistero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della RicercaAlberdi, Antxón [0000-0002-9371-1033]Gómez Fernández, J. L. [0000-0003-4190-7613]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]201920192019info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/179919reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/610058info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/731016info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2015-63939-C2-1-Pinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/AYA2016-80889-Pinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/SEV-2017-0709info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/730562http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/1799192026-05-22T06:33:51Z
score 15,811543

Similares en LA Referencia