Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) have emerged over the last decade as a promising alternative to organic solvents. NADES are mixtures of two or more natural components interacting each other by hydrogen bonds to form a supramolecular mixture. Efforts have focused on demonstrating their lack of...

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Autores: Sánchez Argüello, Paloma, Martín Esteban, Antonio
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/398950
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/398950
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105008909939
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Choline chloride
Deep eutectic solvents
Ecotoxicity
Green solvents
Physa acuta
RTG-2 cell line
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spelling Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approachesSánchez Argüello, PalomaMartín Esteban, AntonioCholine chlorideDeep eutectic solventsEcotoxicityGreen solventsPhysa acutaRTG-2 cell lineNatural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) have emerged over the last decade as a promising alternative to organic solvents. NADES are mixtures of two or more natural components interacting each other by hydrogen bonds to form a supramolecular mixture. Efforts have focused on demonstrating their lack of toxicity by studying the responses of different taxonomic groups. In this study, fish cells (RTG-2 line) and freshwater invertebrate embryos (Physa acuta) were used for the ecotoxicological assessment of seven choline chloride (ChCl)-based NADES. Three organic acids and four alcohols were used for the preparation of the NADES investigated. In a first step, the in vitro cytotoxicity of a single exposure to each NADES component, binary mixtures of their corresponding components and the prepared NADES were evaluated. The rank order of in vitro cytotoxicity of the individual components was: organic acids > ChCl > alcohols. NADES produced equal or lower cytotoxic effects than the corresponding mixtures, suggesting that NADES have their own toxicological behaviour, possibly supported by the maintenance of their supramolecular structure up to certain aqueous dilutions. Furthermore, the in vitro assessment showed that NADES prepared with acids were more cytotoxic than NADES prepared with alcohols, which was confirmed by the in vivo assessment. NADES prepared with acids produced embryo lethal effects from 0.025 % at short exposures (48h). For NADES prepared with alcohols embryo toxicity was found from 0.2 %. From our results, it can be concluded that ecotoxicological assessment can help in the selection of component combinations for the design of safe NADES.The authors would like to thank Naroa Ontibero, who spent four months in our laboratory during her undergraduate studies at the University of Alcala de Henares. The Grant PID2021-122327OB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ERDF a way of making Europe” is gratefully acknowledged. This article is based upon work from the Sample Preparation Study Group and Network, supported by the Division of Analytical Chemistry of the European Chemical Society.Peer reviewedElsevier BVAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)European CommissionEuropean Chemical SocietySánchez Argüello, Paloma [0000-0003-1198-4722]Martín Esteban, Antonio [0000-0003-0498-5153]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/398950https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105008909939reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-122327OB-I00The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122202https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122202Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3989502026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches
title Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches
spellingShingle Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches
Sánchez Argüello, Paloma
Choline chloride
Deep eutectic solvents
Ecotoxicity
Green solvents
Physa acuta
RTG-2 cell line
title_short Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches
title_full Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches
title_fullStr Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches
title_full_unstemmed Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches
title_sort Ecotoxicological assessment of different choline chloride-based natural deep eutectic solvents: in vitro and in vivo approaches
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Sánchez Argüello, Paloma
Martín Esteban, Antonio
author Sánchez Argüello, Paloma
author_facet Sánchez Argüello, Paloma
Martín Esteban, Antonio
author_role author
author2 Martín Esteban, Antonio
author2_role author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)
European Commission
European Chemical Society
Sánchez Argüello, Paloma [0000-0003-1198-4722]
Martín Esteban, Antonio [0000-0003-0498-5153]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Choline chloride
Deep eutectic solvents
Ecotoxicity
Green solvents
Physa acuta
RTG-2 cell line
topic Choline chloride
Deep eutectic solvents
Ecotoxicity
Green solvents
Physa acuta
RTG-2 cell line
description Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) have emerged over the last decade as a promising alternative to organic solvents. NADES are mixtures of two or more natural components interacting each other by hydrogen bonds to form a supramolecular mixture. Efforts have focused on demonstrating their lack of toxicity by studying the responses of different taxonomic groups. In this study, fish cells (RTG-2 line) and freshwater invertebrate embryos (Physa acuta) were used for the ecotoxicological assessment of seven choline chloride (ChCl)-based NADES. Three organic acids and four alcohols were used for the preparation of the NADES investigated. In a first step, the in vitro cytotoxicity of a single exposure to each NADES component, binary mixtures of their corresponding components and the prepared NADES were evaluated. The rank order of in vitro cytotoxicity of the individual components was: organic acids > ChCl > alcohols. NADES produced equal or lower cytotoxic effects than the corresponding mixtures, suggesting that NADES have their own toxicological behaviour, possibly supported by the maintenance of their supramolecular structure up to certain aqueous dilutions. Furthermore, the in vitro assessment showed that NADES prepared with acids were more cytotoxic than NADES prepared with alcohols, which was confirmed by the in vivo assessment. NADES prepared with acids produced embryo lethal effects from 0.025 % at short exposures (48h). For NADES prepared with alcohols embryo toxicity was found from 0.2 %. From our results, it can be concluded that ecotoxicological assessment can help in the selection of component combinations for the design of safe NADES.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/398950
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105008909939
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/398950
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105008909939
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-122327OB-I00
The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122202
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2025.122202

dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier BV
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier BV
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instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
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