Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC
Surveys in the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud have revealed that the majority of massive stars will interact with compan-ions during their lives. However, knowledge of the binary properties of massive stars at low metallicity, and therefore in conditionsapproaching those of the Early Universe,...
| Autores: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Tipo de recurso: | artículo |
| Estado: | Versión publicada |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2024 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya) |
| Repositorio: | Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:recercat.cat:2445/220932 |
| Acceso en línea: | https://hdl.handle.net/2445/220932 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | Estels Núvols de Magalhães Via Làctia Stars Magellanic Clouds Milky Way |
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Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMCShenar ,TomerBodensteiner, J.Sana, HuguesCrowther, P.A.Lennon, D.J.Abdul-Masih, M.Almeida, l. A.Backs, F.Berlanas, S. R.Bernini-Peron, M.Bestenlehner, J. M.Bowman, D.M.Bronner, V. A.Britavskiy, N.Koter, Alex dede Mink, S. E.Deshmukh, K.Evans, C. J.Fabry, M.Gieles, MarkGilkis, A.González-Torà, G.Gräfener, G.Götberg, Y.Hawcroft, C.Hénault-Brunet, V.Herrero, AlbertHolgado, G.Janssens, S.Johnston, C.Josiek, J.Justham, S.Kalari, V. M.Katabi, Z. Z.Keszthelyi, Z.Klencki, J.Kubát, J.Kubátová, B.Langer, N.Lefever, R. R.Ludwig, B.Mackey, J.Mahy, LaurentMaíz Apellániz, J.Mandel, I.Maravelias, G.Marchant, P.Menon, A.Najarro, F.Oskinova, L. M.O’Grady, A.J.G.Ovadia, R.Patrick, L.R.Pauli, D. D.Pawlak, M.Ramachandran, V.Renzo, M.Rocha, D. F.Sander, A.A.C.Sayada, T.Schneider, F.R. N.Schootemeijer, A.Schösser, E.C.Schürmann, C.Sen, K.Shahaf, S.Simón-Díaz, S.Stoop, MitchelToonen, S.Tramper, F.Van Loon, J.Valli, R.van, L.A.C.Vigna-Gómez, A.Villaseñor, J.i.Vink, J.S.Wang, ChaoWillcox, R.EstelsNúvols de MagalhãesVia LàctiaStarsMagellanic CloudsMilky WaySurveys in the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud have revealed that the majority of massive stars will interact with compan-ions during their lives. However, knowledge of the binary properties of massive stars at low metallicity, and therefore in conditionsapproaching those of the Early Universe, remain sparse. We present the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign, an ESOlarge programme designed to obtain 25 epochs of spectroscopy for 929 massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, allowing usto probe multiplicity in the lowest-metallicity conditions to date (Z = 0.2 Z⊙). BLOeM will provide (i) the binary fraction, (ii) theorbital configurations of systems with periods of P ≲ 3 yr, (iii) dormant black-hole binary candidates (OB+BH), and (iv) a legacydatabase of physical parameters of massive stars at low metallicity. Main sequence (OB-type) and evolved (OBAF-type) massive starsare observed with the LR02 setup of the GIRAFFE instrument of the Very Large Telescope (3960–4570 Å resolving power R = 6200;typical signal-to-noise ratio(S/N) ≈70–100). This paper utilises the first nine epochs obtained over a three-month time period. Wedescribe the survey and data reduction, perform a spectral classification of the stacked spectra, and construct a Hertzsprung-Russelldiagram of the sample via spectral-type and photometric calibrations. Our detailed classification reveals that the sample covers spectraltypes from O4 to F5, spanning the effective temperature and luminosity ranges 6.5 ≲ Teff /kK ≲ 45 and 3.7 < log L/L⊙ < 6.1 andinitial masses of 8 ≲ Mini ≲ 80 M⊙. The sample comprises 159 O-type stars, 331 early B-type (B0–3) dwarfs and giants (luminosityclasses V–III), 303 early B-type supergiants (II–I), and 136 late-type BAF supergiants. At least 82 stars are OBe stars: 20 O-type and62 B-type (13% and 11% of the respective samples). In addition, the sample includes 4 high-mass X-ray binaries, 3 stars resemblingluminous blue variables, 2 bloated stripped-star candidates, 2 candidate magnetic stars, and 74 eclipsing binaries.EDP Sciences2025202520242025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion22 p.application/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/220932Articles publicats en revistes (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB))reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunyainstname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)InglésReproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451586Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2024, vol. 690, p. 1-22https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451586(c) The European Southern Observatory (ESO), 2024info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:recercat.cat:2445/2209322026-05-29T05:05:01Z |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC |
| title |
Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC |
| spellingShingle |
Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC Shenar ,Tomer Estels Núvols de Magalhães Via Làctia Stars Magellanic Clouds Milky Way |
| title_short |
Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC |
| title_full |
Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC |
| title_fullStr |
Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC |
| title_sort |
Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): A spectroscopic VLT monitoring survey of massive stars in the SMC |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Shenar ,Tomer Bodensteiner, J. Sana, Hugues Crowther, P.A. Lennon, D.J. Abdul-Masih, M. Almeida, l. A. Backs, F. Berlanas, S. R. Bernini-Peron, M. Bestenlehner, J. M. Bowman, D.M. Bronner, V. A. Britavskiy, N. Koter, Alex de de Mink, S. E. Deshmukh, K. Evans, C. J. Fabry, M. Gieles, Mark Gilkis, A. González-Torà, G. Gräfener, G. Götberg, Y. Hawcroft, C. Hénault-Brunet, V. Herrero, Albert Holgado, G. Janssens, S. Johnston, C. Josiek, J. Justham, S. Kalari, V. M. Katabi, Z. Z. Keszthelyi, Z. Klencki, J. Kubát, J. Kubátová, B. Langer, N. Lefever, R. R. Ludwig, B. Mackey, J. Mahy, Laurent Maíz Apellániz, J. Mandel, I. Maravelias, G. Marchant, P. Menon, A. Najarro, F. Oskinova, L. M. O’Grady, A.J.G. Ovadia, R. Patrick, L.R. Pauli, D. D. Pawlak, M. Ramachandran, V. Renzo, M. Rocha, D. F. Sander, A.A.C. Sayada, T. Schneider, F.R. N. Schootemeijer, A. Schösser, E.C. Schürmann, C. Sen, K. Shahaf, S. Simón-Díaz, S. Stoop, Mitchel Toonen, S. Tramper, F. Van Loon, J. Valli, R. van, L.A.C. Vigna-Gómez, A. Villaseñor, J.i. Vink, J.S. Wang, Chao Willcox, R. |
| author |
Shenar ,Tomer |
| author_facet |
Shenar ,Tomer Bodensteiner, J. Sana, Hugues Crowther, P.A. Lennon, D.J. Abdul-Masih, M. Almeida, l. A. Backs, F. Berlanas, S. R. Bernini-Peron, M. Bestenlehner, J. M. Bowman, D.M. Bronner, V. A. Britavskiy, N. Koter, Alex de de Mink, S. E. Deshmukh, K. Evans, C. J. Fabry, M. Gieles, Mark Gilkis, A. González-Torà, G. Gräfener, G. Götberg, Y. Hawcroft, C. Hénault-Brunet, V. Herrero, Albert Holgado, G. Janssens, S. Johnston, C. Josiek, J. Justham, S. Kalari, V. M. Katabi, Z. Z. Keszthelyi, Z. Klencki, J. Kubát, J. Kubátová, B. Langer, N. Lefever, R. R. Ludwig, B. Mackey, J. Mahy, Laurent Maíz Apellániz, J. Mandel, I. Maravelias, G. Marchant, P. Menon, A. Najarro, F. Oskinova, L. M. O’Grady, A.J.G. Ovadia, R. Patrick, L.R. Pauli, D. D. Pawlak, M. Ramachandran, V. Renzo, M. Rocha, D. F. Sander, A.A.C. Sayada, T. Schneider, F.R. N. Schootemeijer, A. Schösser, E.C. Schürmann, C. Sen, K. Shahaf, S. Simón-Díaz, S. Stoop, Mitchel Toonen, S. Tramper, F. Van Loon, J. Valli, R. van, L.A.C. Vigna-Gómez, A. Villaseñor, J.i. Vink, J.S. Wang, Chao Willcox, R. |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Bodensteiner, J. Sana, Hugues Crowther, P.A. Lennon, D.J. Abdul-Masih, M. Almeida, l. A. Backs, F. Berlanas, S. R. Bernini-Peron, M. Bestenlehner, J. M. Bowman, D.M. Bronner, V. A. Britavskiy, N. Koter, Alex de de Mink, S. E. Deshmukh, K. Evans, C. J. Fabry, M. Gieles, Mark Gilkis, A. González-Torà, G. Gräfener, G. Götberg, Y. Hawcroft, C. Hénault-Brunet, V. Herrero, Albert Holgado, G. Janssens, S. Johnston, C. Josiek, J. Justham, S. Kalari, V. M. Katabi, Z. Z. Keszthelyi, Z. Klencki, J. Kubát, J. Kubátová, B. Langer, N. Lefever, R. R. Ludwig, B. Mackey, J. Mahy, Laurent Maíz Apellániz, J. Mandel, I. Maravelias, G. Marchant, P. Menon, A. Najarro, F. Oskinova, L. M. O’Grady, A.J.G. Ovadia, R. Patrick, L.R. Pauli, D. D. Pawlak, M. Ramachandran, V. Renzo, M. Rocha, D. F. Sander, A.A.C. Sayada, T. Schneider, F.R. N. Schootemeijer, A. Schösser, E.C. Schürmann, C. Sen, K. Shahaf, S. Simón-Díaz, S. Stoop, Mitchel Toonen, S. Tramper, F. Van Loon, J. Valli, R. van, L.A.C. Vigna-Gómez, A. Villaseñor, J.i. Vink, J.S. Wang, Chao Willcox, R. |
| author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Estels Núvols de Magalhães Via Làctia Stars Magellanic Clouds Milky Way |
| topic |
Estels Núvols de Magalhães Via Làctia Stars Magellanic Clouds Milky Way |
| description |
Surveys in the Milky Way and Large Magellanic Cloud have revealed that the majority of massive stars will interact with compan-ions during their lives. However, knowledge of the binary properties of massive stars at low metallicity, and therefore in conditionsapproaching those of the Early Universe, remain sparse. We present the Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign, an ESOlarge programme designed to obtain 25 epochs of spectroscopy for 929 massive stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud, allowing usto probe multiplicity in the lowest-metallicity conditions to date (Z = 0.2 Z⊙). BLOeM will provide (i) the binary fraction, (ii) theorbital configurations of systems with periods of P ≲ 3 yr, (iii) dormant black-hole binary candidates (OB+BH), and (iv) a legacydatabase of physical parameters of massive stars at low metallicity. Main sequence (OB-type) and evolved (OBAF-type) massive starsare observed with the LR02 setup of the GIRAFFE instrument of the Very Large Telescope (3960–4570 Å resolving power R = 6200;typical signal-to-noise ratio(S/N) ≈70–100). This paper utilises the first nine epochs obtained over a three-month time period. Wedescribe the survey and data reduction, perform a spectral classification of the stacked spectra, and construct a Hertzsprung-Russelldiagram of the sample via spectral-type and photometric calibrations. Our detailed classification reveals that the sample covers spectraltypes from O4 to F5, spanning the effective temperature and luminosity ranges 6.5 ≲ Teff /kK ≲ 45 and 3.7 < log L/L⊙ < 6.1 andinitial masses of 8 ≲ Mini ≲ 80 M⊙. The sample comprises 159 O-type stars, 331 early B-type (B0–3) dwarfs and giants (luminosityclasses V–III), 303 early B-type supergiants (II–I), and 136 late-type BAF supergiants. At least 82 stars are OBe stars: 20 O-type and62 B-type (13% and 11% of the respective samples). In addition, the sample includes 4 high-mass X-ray binaries, 3 stars resemblingluminous blue variables, 2 bloated stripped-star candidates, 2 candidate magnetic stars, and 74 eclipsing binaries. |
| publishDate |
2024 |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2024 2025 2025 2025 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| format |
article |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/2445/220932 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/2445/220932 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
Inglés |
| language_invalid_str_mv |
Inglés |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
Reproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451586 Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2024, vol. 690, p. 1-22 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202451586 |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
(c) The European Southern Observatory (ESO), 2024 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
(c) The European Southern Observatory (ESO), 2024 |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
22 p. application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
EDP Sciences |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
EDP Sciences |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Articles publicats en revistes (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos (ICCUB)) reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya instname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya) |
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Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya) |
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Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya |
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Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya |
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