Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization

The development of advanced electrode materials is critical for improving the efficiency and durability of capacitive deionization (CDI) technologies for water desalination and separation processes. In this work, a novel conductive hydrogel based on agarose (Aga), tannic acid (TA), and poly(3,4-ethy...

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Authors: Naranjo Tovar, David Alejandro, Lirio Piñar, Juan Antonio, Amir, Umamah, Rodríguez García, Julia, García Torres, José Manuel|||0000-0002-3996-0274, Iglesias Salto, Guillermo Ramón, Delgado Mora, Ángel Vicente, Armelín Diggroc, Elaine Aparecida|||0000-0002-0658-7696, Ahualli, Silvia, Torras Costa, Juan|||0000-0001-8737-7609
Format: article
Publication Date:2026
Country:España
Institution:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repository:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Language:English
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:upcommonspor::dfcae45f00ca268cbe080d357914b64d
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/459971
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137632
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Capacitive deionization
Conductive hydrogels
PEDOT:PSS
Agarose-based materials
Electrode coatings
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network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization
title Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization
spellingShingle Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization
Naranjo Tovar, David Alejandro
Capacitive deionization
Conductive hydrogels
PEDOT:PSS
Agarose-based materials
Electrode coatings
title_short Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization
title_full Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization
title_fullStr Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization
title_full_unstemmed Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization
title_sort Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionization
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Naranjo Tovar, David Alejandro
Lirio Piñar, Juan Antonio
Amir, Umamah
Rodríguez García, Julia
García Torres, José Manuel|||0000-0002-3996-0274
Iglesias Salto, Guillermo Ramón
Delgado Mora, Ángel Vicente
Armelín Diggroc, Elaine Aparecida|||0000-0002-0658-7696
Ahualli, Silvia
Torras Costa, Juan|||0000-0001-8737-7609
author Naranjo Tovar, David Alejandro
author_facet Naranjo Tovar, David Alejandro
Lirio Piñar, Juan Antonio
Amir, Umamah
Rodríguez García, Julia
García Torres, José Manuel|||0000-0002-3996-0274
Iglesias Salto, Guillermo Ramón
Delgado Mora, Ángel Vicente
Armelín Diggroc, Elaine Aparecida|||0000-0002-0658-7696
Ahualli, Silvia
Torras Costa, Juan|||0000-0001-8737-7609
author_role author
author2 Lirio Piñar, Juan Antonio
Amir, Umamah
Rodríguez García, Julia
García Torres, José Manuel|||0000-0002-3996-0274
Iglesias Salto, Guillermo Ramón
Delgado Mora, Ángel Vicente
Armelín Diggroc, Elaine Aparecida|||0000-0002-0658-7696
Ahualli, Silvia
Torras Costa, Juan|||0000-0001-8737-7609
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Capacitive deionization
Conductive hydrogels
PEDOT:PSS
Agarose-based materials
Electrode coatings
topic Capacitive deionization
Conductive hydrogels
PEDOT:PSS
Agarose-based materials
Electrode coatings
description The development of advanced electrode materials is critical for improving the efficiency and durability of capacitive deionization (CDI) technologies for water desalination and separation processes. In this work, a novel conductive hydrogel based on agarose (Aga), tannic acid (TA), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was designed, optimized, and evaluated as a functional coating for CDI electrodes. The hydrogel formulation was systematically optimized by varying the TA and PEDOT:PSS contents, identifying an optimal composition containing 10 wt% TA and 20 wt% PEDOT:PSS. This formulation exhibited a favorable combination of mechanical robustness, high porosity (~93%), well-distributed pore size, preserved swelling capacity, and enhanced electrochemical properties. Electrochemical characterization revealed improved cathodic stability and capacitive behavior, supporting enhanced ion storage and transport. When implemented in CDI cells, the hydrogel-coated electrodes demonstrated significantly enhanced salt adsorption capacity and higher charge efficiency compared to conventional activated carbon (AC) electrodes. Although the initial salt adsorption capacity was slightly lower than that of other soft-coated electrodes, the gel-based system showed progressive performance improvement and superior long-term cycling stability during aging tests. The enhanced hydration, facilitated ion transport, and sustained structural integrity contributed to improved operational efficiency and durability. Overall, the proposed Aga-TA-PEDOT:PSS hydrogel represents a promising electrode material for energy-efficient, stable, and scalable CDI systems, with potential applications in low-salinity and brackish water treatment.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
2026-07-05
2026
2026-03-27
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/459971
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137632
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/459971
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137632
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 PID2021-125257OB-I00 HIDROGELES TERMOSENSIBLES PARA APLICACIONES EMERGENTES EN INGENIERIA
Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 PID2023-151881OB-I00 TRANSFERENCIA DE CARGA EN LA INTERFASE SOLIDO%2FLIQUIDO: APLICACION A LA DESALINIZACION DE AGUA Y CAPTURA SELECTIVA DE IONES
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
reponame_str UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
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spelling Optimized agarose-based conductive hydrogel electrodes for capacitive deionizationNaranjo Tovar, David AlejandroLirio Piñar, Juan AntonioAmir, UmamahRodríguez García, JuliaGarcía Torres, José Manuel|||0000-0002-3996-0274Iglesias Salto, Guillermo RamónDelgado Mora, Ángel VicenteArmelín Diggroc, Elaine Aparecida|||0000-0002-0658-7696Ahualli, SilviaTorras Costa, Juan|||0000-0001-8737-7609Capacitive deionizationConductive hydrogelsPEDOT:PSSAgarose-based materialsElectrode coatingsThe development of advanced electrode materials is critical for improving the efficiency and durability of capacitive deionization (CDI) technologies for water desalination and separation processes. In this work, a novel conductive hydrogel based on agarose (Aga), tannic acid (TA), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was designed, optimized, and evaluated as a functional coating for CDI electrodes. The hydrogel formulation was systematically optimized by varying the TA and PEDOT:PSS contents, identifying an optimal composition containing 10 wt% TA and 20 wt% PEDOT:PSS. This formulation exhibited a favorable combination of mechanical robustness, high porosity (~93%), well-distributed pore size, preserved swelling capacity, and enhanced electrochemical properties. Electrochemical characterization revealed improved cathodic stability and capacitive behavior, supporting enhanced ion storage and transport. When implemented in CDI cells, the hydrogel-coated electrodes demonstrated significantly enhanced salt adsorption capacity and higher charge efficiency compared to conventional activated carbon (AC) electrodes. Although the initial salt adsorption capacity was slightly lower than that of other soft-coated electrodes, the gel-based system showed progressive performance improvement and superior long-term cycling stability during aging tests. The enhanced hydration, facilitated ion transport, and sustained structural integrity contributed to improved operational efficiency and durability. Overall, the proposed Aga-TA-PEDOT:PSS hydrogel represents a promising electrode material for energy-efficient, stable, and scalable CDI systems, with potential applications in low-salinity and brackish water treatment.This project has received funding from the Grant PID2021- 125257OB-I00, PID2023-151881OB-I00 and PID2024-157005OB-I00, by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF “A way of mak- ing Europe”, by the European Union and from the Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca-AGAUR (2021SGR01368 and 2021SGR00387). D.N. acknowledges the support of AGAUR for his PhD fellowship funding (Grant n◦ 2023 FISDU 00296) and J.G.-T. acknowl- edges the Serra Hunter program of the Generalitat de Catalunya. J.A.L.P. acknowledges FPU2023 (ref. FPU23/03086) funding by MICIU (España). This work is part of Maria de Maeztu Units of Excellence Programme CEX2023-001300-M/ funded by MICIU/ AEI/ 10.130 39/501100011033.Elsevier20262026-07-0520262026-03-27journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/459971https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137632reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)InglésengAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 PID2021-125257OB-I00 HIDROGELES TERMOSENSIBLES PARA APLICACIONES EMERGENTES EN INGENIERIAAgencia Estatal de Investigación http://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023 PID2023-151881OB-I00 TRANSFERENCIA DE CARGA EN LA INTERFASE SOLIDO%2FLIQUIDO: APLICACION A LA DESALINIZACION DE AGUA Y CAPTURA SELECTIVA DE IONESopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:upcommonspor::dfcae45f00ca268cbe080d357914b64d2026-05-27T15:37:01Z
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