Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates

Like other diapsids, Tyrannosaurus rex has two openings in the temporal skull region. In addition, like in other dinosaurs, its snout and lower jaw show large cranial fenestrae. In T. rex, they are thought to decrease skull weight, because, unlike most other amniotes, the skull proportion is immense...

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Autores: Werneburg, Ingmar, Esteve Altava, Borja, Bruno, Joana, Torres Ladeira, Marta, Diogo, Rui
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2019
País:España
Institución:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
Repositorio:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
OAI Identifier:oai:recercat.cat:10230/45129
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10230/45129
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37976-8
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Evolution
Zoology
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spelling Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebratesWerneburg, IngmarEsteve Altava, BorjaBruno, JoanaTorres Ladeira, MartaDiogo, RuiEvolutionZoologyLike other diapsids, Tyrannosaurus rex has two openings in the temporal skull region. In addition, like in other dinosaurs, its snout and lower jaw show large cranial fenestrae. In T. rex, they are thought to decrease skull weight, because, unlike most other amniotes, the skull proportion is immense compared to the body. Understanding morphofunctional complexity of this impressive skull architecture requires a broad scale phylogenetic comparison with skull types different to that of dinosaurs with fundamentally diverging cranial regionalization. Extant fully terrestrial vertebrates (amniotes) provide the best opportunities in that regard, as their skull performance is known from life. We apply for the first time anatomical network analysis to study skull bone integration and modular constructions in tyrannosaur and compare it with five representatives of the major amniote groups in order to get an understanding of the general patterns of amniote skull modularity. Our results reveal that the tyrannosaur has the most modular skull organization among the amniotes included in our study, with an unexpected separation of the snout in upper and lower sub-modules and the presence of a lower adductor chamber module. Independent pathways of bone reduction in opossum and chicken resulted in different degrees of cranial complexity with chicken having a typical sauropsidian pattern. The akinetic skull of opossum, alligator, and leatherback turtle evolved in independent ways mirrored in different patterns of skull modularity. Kinetic forms also show great diversity in modularity. The complex tyrannosaur skull modularity likely represents a refined mosaic of phylogenetic and ecological factors with food processing being probably most important for shaping its skull architecture. Mode of food processing primarily shaped skull integration among amniotes, however, phylogenetic patterns of skull integration are low in our sampling. Our general conclusions on amniote skull integrity are obviously preliminary and should be tested in subsequent studies. As such, this study provides a framework for future research focusing on the evolution of modularity on lower taxonomic levels.Nature Research202020202019info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10230/45129http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37976-8reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunyainstname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)InglésSci Rep. 2019; 9(1):1520© The Author(s) 2019. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:recercat.cat:10230/451292026-05-29T05:05:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates
title Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates
spellingShingle Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates
Werneburg, Ingmar
Evolution
Zoology
title_short Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates
title_full Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates
title_fullStr Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates
title_full_unstemmed Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates
title_sort Unique skull network complexity of Tyrannosaurus rex among land vertebrates
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Werneburg, Ingmar
Esteve Altava, Borja
Bruno, Joana
Torres Ladeira, Marta
Diogo, Rui
author Werneburg, Ingmar
author_facet Werneburg, Ingmar
Esteve Altava, Borja
Bruno, Joana
Torres Ladeira, Marta
Diogo, Rui
author_role author
author2 Esteve Altava, Borja
Bruno, Joana
Torres Ladeira, Marta
Diogo, Rui
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Evolution
Zoology
topic Evolution
Zoology
description Like other diapsids, Tyrannosaurus rex has two openings in the temporal skull region. In addition, like in other dinosaurs, its snout and lower jaw show large cranial fenestrae. In T. rex, they are thought to decrease skull weight, because, unlike most other amniotes, the skull proportion is immense compared to the body. Understanding morphofunctional complexity of this impressive skull architecture requires a broad scale phylogenetic comparison with skull types different to that of dinosaurs with fundamentally diverging cranial regionalization. Extant fully terrestrial vertebrates (amniotes) provide the best opportunities in that regard, as their skull performance is known from life. We apply for the first time anatomical network analysis to study skull bone integration and modular constructions in tyrannosaur and compare it with five representatives of the major amniote groups in order to get an understanding of the general patterns of amniote skull modularity. Our results reveal that the tyrannosaur has the most modular skull organization among the amniotes included in our study, with an unexpected separation of the snout in upper and lower sub-modules and the presence of a lower adductor chamber module. Independent pathways of bone reduction in opossum and chicken resulted in different degrees of cranial complexity with chicken having a typical sauropsidian pattern. The akinetic skull of opossum, alligator, and leatherback turtle evolved in independent ways mirrored in different patterns of skull modularity. Kinetic forms also show great diversity in modularity. The complex tyrannosaur skull modularity likely represents a refined mosaic of phylogenetic and ecological factors with food processing being probably most important for shaping its skull architecture. Mode of food processing primarily shaped skull integration among amniotes, however, phylogenetic patterns of skull integration are low in our sampling. Our general conclusions on amniote skull integrity are obviously preliminary and should be tested in subsequent studies. As such, this study provides a framework for future research focusing on the evolution of modularity on lower taxonomic levels.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2019
2020
2020
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10230/45129
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37976-8
url http://hdl.handle.net/10230/45129
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37976-8
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1):1520
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
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application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Nature Research
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Nature Research
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
instname:Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
instname_str Varias* (Consorci de Biblioteques Universitáries de Catalunya, Centre de Serveis Científics i Acadèmics de Catalunya)
reponame_str Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
collection Recercat. Dipósit de la Recerca de Catalunya
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