Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers

The present study explored the relationship between Machiavellianism and counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) through the lens of the social exchange theory. The present research further aimed at exploring the relationship between the two by introducing job autonomy as the mediator following trait...

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Autor: Rehman, Usama
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2018
País:España
Institución:Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid
Repositorio:Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology
OAI Identifier:oai:journals.copmadrid.org:jwop/art/jwop2018a10
Acceso en línea:https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2018a10
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Machiavellianism, Counterproductive work behaviour, Job autonomy, Trait activation.
Maquiavelismo, Conducta contraproductiva en el trabajo, Autonomía en el puesto de trabajo, Activación del rasgo.
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network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers
Maquiavelismo, autonomía en el puesto y conducta contraproductiva en el trabajo entre managers indios
title Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers
spellingShingle Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers
Rehman, Usama
Machiavellianism, Counterproductive work behaviour, Job autonomy, Trait activation.
Maquiavelismo, Conducta contraproductiva en el trabajo, Autonomía en el puesto de trabajo, Activación del rasgo.
title_short Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers
title_full Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers
title_fullStr Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers
title_full_unstemmed Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers
title_sort Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian Managers
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Rehman, Usama
author Rehman, Usama
author_facet Rehman, Usama
author_role author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Machiavellianism, Counterproductive work behaviour, Job autonomy, Trait activation.
Maquiavelismo, Conducta contraproductiva en el trabajo, Autonomía en el puesto de trabajo, Activación del rasgo.
topic Machiavellianism, Counterproductive work behaviour, Job autonomy, Trait activation.
Maquiavelismo, Conducta contraproductiva en el trabajo, Autonomía en el puesto de trabajo, Activación del rasgo.
description The present study explored the relationship between Machiavellianism and counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) through the lens of the social exchange theory. The present research further aimed at exploring the relationship between the two by introducing job autonomy as the mediator following trait activation theory. The Machiavellian personality scale was used to assess Machiavellianism, whereas a job autonomy scale was used to assess job autonomy, and counterproductive work behaviour was assessed with the help of the CWB questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21 and Smart PLS version 2. Results showed that Machiavellianism is positively associated with counterproductive work behaviour and job autonomy did not act as a moderator in the relationship between the two.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2018
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/published
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2018a10
url https://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2018a10
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv /*ref*/M. R Barrick, M. K. Mount(1993) Autonomy as a moderator of the relationships between the big five personality dimensions and job performance.. Journal of Applied Psychology 78(), 111-118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.78.1.111
/*ref*/J. A Becker, H. D. Hair(2007) Machiavellians’ motives in organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Communication Research 35(), 246-267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.78.1.111
/*ref*/P. M. Blau(1964) . The dynamics of bureaucracyUniversity of Chicago Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.78.1.111
/*ref*/W. C Borman, S. J. Motowidlo(1997) Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance 10(), 99-109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3
/*ref*/J.A. Breaugh(1999) Further investigation of the Work Autonomy Scales: Two studies. Journal of Business and Psychology 13(), 357-373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3
/*ref*/R Christie, F. L Geis(1970) . Studies in MachiavellianismAcademic Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3
/*ref*/R Cropanzano, M. S Mitchell(2005) Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management 31(), 874-900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3
/*ref*/J. J Dahling, D Kuyumcu, E. H. Librizzi(2012) . Handbook of unethical work behavior: Implications for individual well-beingSharpe (), 183-194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3
/*ref*/J. J Dahling, B. G Whitaker, P. E. Levy(2009) The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of Management 35(), 219-257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308318618
/*ref*/R. J Deluga(2001) American presidential Machiavellianism: Implications for charismatic leadership and rated performance. Leadership Quarterly 12(), 339-363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308318618
/*ref*/R. A Giacalone, S. B. Knouse(1990) Justifying wrongful employee behavior: The role of personality in organizational sabotage. Journal of Business Ethics 9(), 55-61 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382564
/*ref*/R. L Greenbaum, A Hill, M. B Mawritz, M. J. Quade(2014) Employee Machiavellianism to unethical behavior: The role of abusive supervision as a trait activator. Journal of Management 43(), 585-609 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314535434
/*ref*/A Gunnthorsdottir, K McCabe, V Smith(2002) Using the Machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game. Journal of Economic Psychology 23(), 49-66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00067-8
/*ref*/J. F Hair, T. G. M Hult, C. M. Ringle(2013) . A primer on partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM)SAGE Publications (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00067-8
/*ref*/(2017) . Counterproductive Work Behavior: CWB-W (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00067-8
/*ref*/P Jaiswal, K. T. Bhal(2014) Behavioural flexibility: The use of upward impression management tactics by subordinates for good performance rating from leader and impact of organizational & leader’s Machiavellianism. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management 15(), 313-326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6
/*ref*/D. N Jones, D. L. Paulhus(2009) . Handbook of individual differences in social behaviourGuilford Press (), 93-108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6
/*ref*/C Karthikeyan, P. Thomas(2017) A review on impact of counter productive work hehaviour (CWBS) in organisations: A leaders’ psychology perspective. International Journal of Management, IT, & Engineering 7(7), 18-45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6
/*ref*/D. A Kashy, B. M. DePaulo(1996) Who lies?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(), 1037-1051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6
/*ref*/T Kaur, R. K. Dubey(2015) Influence of personality traits on acceptability of counterproductive work behavior: A study in Indian context. International Research Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences 2(12), 1-14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6
/*ref*/S. R Kessler, A. C Bandelli, P. E Spector, W. C Borman, C. E Nelson, L. M. Penney(2010) Re-examining Machiavelli: A three dimensional model of Machiavellianism in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40(), 1868-1896 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00643.x
/*ref*/J Kish-Gephart, D. A Harrison, L. K. Treviño(2010) Bad apples, bad cases, and bad barrels: Meta-analytic evidence about sources of unethical decisions at work. Journal of Applied Psychology 95(), 1-31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017103
/*ref*/V. C Lau, W. T Au, J. M. C. Ho(2003) A qualitative and quantitative review of antecedents of counterproductive behavior in organizations. Journal of Business and Psychology 18(), 73-99 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017103
/*ref*/J Lopes, C. Fletcher(2004) Fairness of impression management in employment interviews: A cross-country study of the role of equity and Machiavellianism. Social Behavior and Personality 32(), 747-768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017103
/*ref*/M. F Mascolo, G Misra, C. Rapisardi(2004) Individual and relational conceptions of self in India and the United States. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (104), 9-26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.101
/*ref*/J Mededovi, B. Petrovi(2015) The Dark Tetrad. ournal of Individual Differences 36(), 228-236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000179
/*ref*/C. Nathanson(2008) . Exploring the dynamics of revenge (unpublished doctoral dissertation)University of British Columbia (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000179
/*ref*/E. H O’Boyle, D. R Forsyth, G. C Banks, M. A. McDaniel(2012) A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology 97(), 557-579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679
/*ref*/W. E O’Connor, T. G Morrison(2001) A comparison of situational and dispositional predictors of perceptions of organizational politics. Journal of Psychology 135(), 301-312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679
/*ref*/D. L Paulhus, K. M. Williams(2002) The Dark Triad of personality: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality 36(), 556-563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679
/*ref*/P Raman, M Sambasivan, N. Kumar(2016) Counterproductive work behavior among frontline government employees: Role of personality, emotional intelligence, affectivity, emotional labor, and emotional exhaustion. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones 32(), 25-37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002
/*ref*/U Rehman, M Shahnawaz, M. Imran(2017) Machiavellianism and task oriented leadership: Testing job autonomy as a trait activator. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal Of Psychology] 32(78), 24-30 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002
/*ref*/A. Roland(1992) . In search of self in India and Japan: Toward a cross-cultural psychologyPrinceton University Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002
/*ref*/M Rotundo, P. R. Sackett(2002) The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology 87(), 66-80 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002
/*ref*/E. Rubio(2016) . The good and the bad of machiavellian leadership. Linkedin (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002
/*ref*/R. P Settoon, N Bennett, R. C. Liden(1996) Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader–member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology 81(), 219-227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002
/*ref*/J. B. P Sinha, R. N. Kanungo(1997) Context sensitivity and balancing in Indian organizational behaviour. International Journal of Psychology 32(), 93-106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/002075997400890
/*ref*/P. E Spector, J. A Bauer, S. Fox(2010) Measurement artifacts in the assessment of counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior: Do we know what we think we know?. Journal of Applied Psychology 95(), 781-790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477
/*ref*/R. P Tett, H. A. Guterman(2000) Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross-situational consistency: Testing a principle of trait activation. Journal of Research in Personality 34(), 397-423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477
/*ref*/P. K. Verma(2004) . Being Indian: The truth about why the twenty-first century will be India’sPenguin Books India (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477
/*ref*/H. M Weiss, S. Adler(1984) Personality and organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior 6(), 1-50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477
/*ref*/B. G Whitaker, J. J. Dahling(2013) The influence of autonomy and supervisor political skill on the use and consequences of peer intimidation in organizations. Human Performance 26(), 353-373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2013.836198
/*ref*/D. S Wilson, D. C Near, R. R. Miller(1996) Machiavellianism: A synthesis of the evolutionary and psychological literatures. Psychological Bulletin 119(), 285-299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2013.836198
/*ref*/D. S Wilson, D. C Near, R. R. Miller(1998) Individual differences in Machiavellianism as a mix of cooperative and exploitative strategies. Evolution and Human Behavior 19(), 203-212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2013.836198
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Copyright © 2026. Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madrid
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rights_invalid_str_mv https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES
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spelling Machiavellianism, Job Autonomy, and Counterproductive Work Behaviour among Indian ManagersMaquiavelismo, autonomía en el puesto y conducta contraproductiva en el trabajo entre managers indiosRehman, UsamaMachiavellianism, Counterproductive work behaviour, Job autonomy, Trait activation.Maquiavelismo, Conducta contraproductiva en el trabajo, Autonomía en el puesto de trabajo, Activación del rasgo.The present study explored the relationship between Machiavellianism and counterproductive work behaviour (CWB) through the lens of the social exchange theory. The present research further aimed at exploring the relationship between the two by introducing job autonomy as the mediator following trait activation theory. The Machiavellian personality scale was used to assess Machiavellianism, whereas a job autonomy scale was used to assess job autonomy, and counterproductive work behaviour was assessed with the help of the CWB questionnaire. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21 and Smart PLS version 2. Results showed that Machiavellianism is positively associated with counterproductive work behaviour and job autonomy did not act as a moderator in the relationship between the two.El presente estudio explora la relación entre el maquiavelismo y la conducta contraproductiva en el trabajo (CCT) desde la perspectiva de la teoría del intercambio social. Además, la presente investigación trató de explorar la relación entre las dos variables al introducir la autonomía en el puesto de trabajo como variable mediadora siguiendo la teoría de la activación del rasgo. La escala de personalidad maquiavélica fue usada para evaluar el maquiavelismo, mientras que la escala de autonomía en el puesto de trabajo se ha utilizado para evaluar la autonomía laboral, y la CCT se evaluó con la ayuda del cuestionario CWB. Los datos se analizaron utilizando SPSS versión 21 y Smart PLS versión 2. Los resultados mostraron que el maquiavelismo está asociado positivamente con la CCT y que la autonomía en el puesto de trabajo no actuó como moderadora en la relación entre maquiavelismo y CCT.Colegio Oficial de Psicologos de Madrid2018info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedapplication/pdftext/htmlapplication/xmlhttps://doi.org/10.5093/jwop2018a10reponame:Journal of Work and Organizational Psychologyinstname:Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de MadridInglés/*ref*/M. R Barrick, M. K. Mount(1993) Autonomy as a moderator of the relationships between the big five personality dimensions and job performance.. Journal of Applied Psychology 78(), 111-118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.78.1.111/*ref*/J. A Becker, H. D. Hair(2007) Machiavellians’ motives in organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of Applied Communication Research 35(), 246-267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.78.1.111/*ref*/P. M. Blau(1964) . The dynamics of bureaucracyUniversity of Chicago Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-9010.78.1.111/*ref*/W. C Borman, S. J. Motowidlo(1997) Task performance and contextual performance: The meaning for personnel selection research. Human Performance 10(), 99-109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3/*ref*/J.A. Breaugh(1999) Further investigation of the Work Autonomy Scales: Two studies. Journal of Business and Psychology 13(), 357-373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3/*ref*/R Christie, F. L Geis(1970) . Studies in MachiavellianismAcademic Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3/*ref*/R Cropanzano, M. S Mitchell(2005) Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management 31(), 874-900 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3/*ref*/J. J Dahling, D Kuyumcu, E. H. Librizzi(2012) . Handbook of unethical work behavior: Implications for individual well-beingSharpe (), 183-194 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_3/*ref*/J. J Dahling, B. G Whitaker, P. E. Levy(2009) The development and validation of a new Machiavellianism scale. Journal of Management 35(), 219-257 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308318618/*ref*/R. J Deluga(2001) American presidential Machiavellianism: Implications for charismatic leadership and rated performance. Leadership Quarterly 12(), 339-363 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308318618/*ref*/R. A Giacalone, S. B. Knouse(1990) Justifying wrongful employee behavior: The role of personality in organizational sabotage. Journal of Business Ethics 9(), 55-61 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00382564/*ref*/R. L Greenbaum, A Hill, M. B Mawritz, M. J. Quade(2014) Employee Machiavellianism to unethical behavior: The role of abusive supervision as a trait activator. Journal of Management 43(), 585-609 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206314535434/*ref*/A Gunnthorsdottir, K McCabe, V Smith(2002) Using the Machiavellianism instrument to predict trustworthiness in a bargaining game. Journal of Economic Psychology 23(), 49-66 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00067-8/*ref*/J. F Hair, T. G. M Hult, C. M. Ringle(2013) . A primer on partial least squares structural equations modeling (PLS-SEM)SAGE Publications (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00067-8/*ref*/(2017) . Counterproductive Work Behavior: CWB-W (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00067-8/*ref*/P Jaiswal, K. T. Bhal(2014) Behavioural flexibility: The use of upward impression management tactics by subordinates for good performance rating from leader and impact of organizational & leader’s Machiavellianism. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management 15(), 313-326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6/*ref*/D. N Jones, D. L. Paulhus(2009) . Handbook of individual differences in social behaviourGuilford Press (), 93-108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6/*ref*/C Karthikeyan, P. Thomas(2017) A review on impact of counter productive work hehaviour (CWBS) in organisations: A leaders’ psychology perspective. International Journal of Management, IT, & Engineering 7(7), 18-45 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6/*ref*/D. A Kashy, B. M. DePaulo(1996) Who lies?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70(), 1037-1051 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6/*ref*/T Kaur, R. K. Dubey(2015) Influence of personality traits on acceptability of counterproductive work behavior: A study in Indian context. International Research Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences 2(12), 1-14 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40171-014-0077-6/*ref*/S. R Kessler, A. C Bandelli, P. E Spector, W. C Borman, C. E Nelson, L. M. Penney(2010) Re-examining Machiavelli: A three dimensional model of Machiavellianism in the workplace. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40(), 1868-1896 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2010.00643.x/*ref*/J Kish-Gephart, D. A Harrison, L. K. Treviño(2010) Bad apples, bad cases, and bad barrels: Meta-analytic evidence about sources of unethical decisions at work. Journal of Applied Psychology 95(), 1-31 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017103/*ref*/V. C Lau, W. T Au, J. M. C. Ho(2003) A qualitative and quantitative review of antecedents of counterproductive behavior in organizations. Journal of Business and Psychology 18(), 73-99 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017103/*ref*/J Lopes, C. Fletcher(2004) Fairness of impression management in employment interviews: A cross-country study of the role of equity and Machiavellianism. Social Behavior and Personality 32(), 747-768 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017103/*ref*/M. F Mascolo, G Misra, C. Rapisardi(2004) Individual and relational conceptions of self in India and the United States. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development (104), 9-26 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.101/*ref*/J Mededovi, B. Petrovi(2015) The Dark Tetrad. ournal of Individual Differences 36(), 228-236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000179/*ref*/C. Nathanson(2008) . Exploring the dynamics of revenge (unpublished doctoral dissertation)University of British Columbia (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000179/*ref*/E. H O’Boyle, D. R Forsyth, G. C Banks, M. A. McDaniel(2012) A meta-analysis of the dark triad and work behavior: A social exchange perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology 97(), 557-579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679/*ref*/W. E O’Connor, T. G Morrison(2001) A comparison of situational and dispositional predictors of perceptions of organizational politics. Journal of Psychology 135(), 301-312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679/*ref*/D. L Paulhus, K. M. Williams(2002) The Dark Triad of personality: narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality 36(), 556-563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025679/*ref*/P Raman, M Sambasivan, N. Kumar(2016) Counterproductive work behavior among frontline government employees: Role of personality, emotional intelligence, affectivity, emotional labor, and emotional exhaustion. Revista de Psicología del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones 32(), 25-37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002/*ref*/U Rehman, M Shahnawaz, M. Imran(2017) Machiavellianism and task oriented leadership: Testing job autonomy as a trait activator. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi [Turkish Journal Of Psychology] 32(78), 24-30 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002/*ref*/A. Roland(1992) . In search of self in India and Japan: Toward a cross-cultural psychologyPrinceton University Press (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002/*ref*/M Rotundo, P. R. Sackett(2002) The relative importance of task, citizenship, and counterproductive performance to global ratings of job performance: A policy-capturing approach. Journal of Applied Psychology 87(), 66-80 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002/*ref*/E. Rubio(2016) . The good and the bad of machiavellian leadership. Linkedin (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002/*ref*/R. P Settoon, N Bennett, R. C. Liden(1996) Social exchange in organizations: Perceived organizational support, leader–member exchange, and employee reciprocity. Journal of Applied Psychology 81(), 219-227 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2015.11.002/*ref*/J. B. P Sinha, R. N. Kanungo(1997) Context sensitivity and balancing in Indian organizational behaviour. International Journal of Psychology 32(), 93-106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/002075997400890/*ref*/P. E Spector, J. A Bauer, S. Fox(2010) Measurement artifacts in the assessment of counterproductive work behavior and organizational citizenship behavior: Do we know what we think we know?. Journal of Applied Psychology 95(), 781-790 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477/*ref*/R. P Tett, H. A. Guterman(2000) Situation trait relevance, trait expression, and cross-situational consistency: Testing a principle of trait activation. Journal of Research in Personality 34(), 397-423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477/*ref*/P. K. Verma(2004) . Being Indian: The truth about why the twenty-first century will be India’sPenguin Books India (), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477/*ref*/H. M Weiss, S. Adler(1984) Personality and organizational behavior. Research in Organizational Behavior 6(), 1-50 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019477/*ref*/B. G Whitaker, J. J. Dahling(2013) The influence of autonomy and supervisor political skill on the use and consequences of peer intimidation in organizations. Human Performance 26(), 353-373 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2013.836198/*ref*/D. S Wilson, D. C Near, R. R. Miller(1996) Machiavellianism: A synthesis of the evolutionary and psychological literatures. Psychological Bulletin 119(), 285-299 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2013.836198/*ref*/D. S Wilson, D. C Near, R. R. Miller(1998) Individual differences in Machiavellianism as a mix of cooperative and exploitative strategies. Evolution and Human Behavior 19(), 203-212 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2013.836198https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.es_ESCopyright © 2026. Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos de Madridinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:journals.copmadrid.org:jwop/art/jwop2018a102026-06-23T12:47:17Z
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