Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions

Traditional path loss (PL) models often fail to capture the spatial characteristics of wireless channels in environments combining line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, where shadow fading exhibits clear spatial non-stationarity. To address this limitation, we propose a Univer...

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Autores: Diago Mosquera, Melissa, Cuevas-Pacheco, Francisco, Azpilicueta Fernández de las Heras, Leyre
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión aceptada para publicación
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Recursos:Universidad Pública de Navarra
Repositorio:Academica-e. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarra
OAI Identifier:oai:academica-e.unavarra.es:2454/55543
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2454/55543
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Channel modeling
Kriging
LOS/NLOS
Path loss
Shadow fading
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spelling Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditionsDiago Mosquera, MelissaCuevas-Pacheco, FranciscoAzpilicueta Fernández de las Heras, LeyreChannel modelingKrigingLOS/NLOSPath lossShadow fadingTraditional path loss (PL) models often fail to capture the spatial characteristics of wireless channels in environments combining line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, where shadow fading exhibits clear spatial non-stationarity. To address this limitation, we propose a Universal Kriging (UK)-based model tailored for predicting shadow fading effects in such scenarios. UK, a method well-suited for non-stationary data, enables more accurate spatial interpolation by incorporating both deterministic trends and stochastic variations. We validate the model using 28 GHz measurements collected in a library environment. Results show that UK consistently outperforms Ordinary Kriging (OK), achieving a 3.7 dB root-mean-square-error (RMSE) reduction in 90% of test cases and reducing the mean RMSE by 69.3% (from 4.85 dB to 1.49 dB). These findings highlight UK’s potential for improving PL prediction accuracy in complex LOS/NLOS propagation scenarios.This work was supported by the Chilean Research Agency ANID, through research grants ANID FONDECYT 11240070, 11240330 and ANID Basal Project AFB240002 (AC3E), and the support received by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and NextGenerationEU/PRTR [Grant No. RYC2021-031949-I].IEEEIngeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de ComunicaciónIngeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio IngeniaritzaInstitute of Smart Cities - ISC2025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2454/55543reponame:Academica-e. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarrainstname:Universidad Pública de NavarraInglésinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/RYC2021-031949-IThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:academica-e.unavarra.es:2454/555432026-06-17T12:41:47Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions
title Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions
spellingShingle Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions
Diago Mosquera, Melissa
Channel modeling
Kriging
LOS/NLOS
Path loss
Shadow fading
title_short Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions
title_full Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions
title_fullStr Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions
title_full_unstemmed Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions
title_sort Universal kriging for accurate shadow fading modeling in LOS/NLOS conditions
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Diago Mosquera, Melissa
Cuevas-Pacheco, Francisco
Azpilicueta Fernández de las Heras, Leyre
author Diago Mosquera, Melissa
author_facet Diago Mosquera, Melissa
Cuevas-Pacheco, Francisco
Azpilicueta Fernández de las Heras, Leyre
author_role author
author2 Cuevas-Pacheco, Francisco
Azpilicueta Fernández de las Heras, Leyre
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica y de Comunicación
Ingeniaritza Elektrikoa, Elektronikoa eta Telekomunikazio Ingeniaritza
Institute of Smart Cities - ISC
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Channel modeling
Kriging
LOS/NLOS
Path loss
Shadow fading
topic Channel modeling
Kriging
LOS/NLOS
Path loss
Shadow fading
description Traditional path loss (PL) models often fail to capture the spatial characteristics of wireless channels in environments combining line-of-sight (LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions, where shadow fading exhibits clear spatial non-stationarity. To address this limitation, we propose a Universal Kriging (UK)-based model tailored for predicting shadow fading effects in such scenarios. UK, a method well-suited for non-stationary data, enables more accurate spatial interpolation by incorporating both deterministic trends and stochastic variations. We validate the model using 28 GHz measurements collected in a library environment. Results show that UK consistently outperforms Ordinary Kriging (OK), achieving a 3.7 dB root-mean-square-error (RMSE) reduction in 90% of test cases and reducing the mean RMSE by 69.3% (from 4.85 dB to 1.49 dB). These findings highlight UK’s potential for improving PL prediction accuracy in complex LOS/NLOS propagation scenarios.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format article
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2454/55543
url https://hdl.handle.net/2454/55543
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/RYC2021-031949-I
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv IEEE
publisher.none.fl_str_mv IEEE
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Academica-e. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarra
instname:Universidad Pública de Navarra
instname_str Universidad Pública de Navarra
reponame_str Academica-e. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarra
collection Academica-e. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad Pública de Navarra
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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