A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk

Human milk is widely recognized as the optimal food for infants, providing essential nutrients and immunological protection. However, when unavailable, donor human milk from milk banks is the preferred alternative, especially for preterm or vulnerable infants. While microbiological safety in donor m...

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Autores: Salcedo Domínguez, Jaime, López Puertollano, Daniel, Abad Somovilla, Antonio, Agullo, Consuelo, Abad Fuentes, Antonio, Mercader, Josep Vicent
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/407272
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/407272
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Infant health
Human milk
Milk banks
Mycotoxins
Aflatoxin M1
ELISA
health
human milk
mycotoxins
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spelling A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milkSalcedo Domínguez, JaimeLópez Puertollano, DanielAbad Somovilla, AntonioAgullo, ConsueloAbad Fuentes, AntonioMercader, Josep VicentInfant healthHuman milkMilk banksMycotoxinsAflatoxin M1ELISAhealthhuman milkmycotoxinsHuman milk is widely recognized as the optimal food for infants, providing essential nutrients and immunological protection. However, when unavailable, donor human milk from milk banks is the preferred alternative, especially for preterm or vulnerable infants. While microbiological safety in donor milk is routinely addressed through pasteurization, the presence of chemical contaminants remains largely overlooked. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a toxic metabolite of aflatoxin B1, is one of the most harmful and commonly encountered mycotoxins in milk. Although AFM1 is strictly regulated in bovine milk within the European Union, it is not currently monitored in human milk. In this study, we report the development and validation of a highly sensitive and robust enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantification of AFM1 in human milk. A specific monoclonal antibody was produced and used in an optimized immunoassay format requiring only a minimal sample preparation consisting of centrifugation and buffer dilution. The assay demonstrated high sensitivity (the limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.017 and 0.023 ng/mL, respectively), rapid analysis time (< 60 min), and good accuracy, with recoveries ranging from 85 % to 111 % within the 0.025–0.1 ng/mL AFM1 concentration range. This is the first validated immunoassay for AFM1 detection in donor human milk at levels compliant with EU regulations for infant food, offering a cost-effective solution for routine screening of AFM1 in donor milk, thereby enhancing chemical safety monitoring practices within human milk banks.This research was funded by MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 [grant numbers PID2021-125721OB-C21/C22], and co-financed by “ERDF A way of making Europe”. We also acknowledge the award of the Spanish government MCIN/AEI to the IATA-CSIC as Centre of Excellence Accreditation Severo Ochoa (CEX2021-001189-S/MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). J.S.D. acknowledges the postdoctoral contract under IATA accreditation as Centre of Excellence Severo Ochoa (CEX2021-001189-S) funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2021-001189-S).Peer reviewedElsevierAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)European CommissionConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/407272reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/CEX2021-001189-Sinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-125721OB-C21info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-125721OB-C22Food Research InternationalThe underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117841https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117841Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/4072722026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk
title A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk
spellingShingle A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk
Salcedo Domínguez, Jaime
Infant health
Human milk
Milk banks
Mycotoxins
Aflatoxin M1
ELISA
health
human milk
mycotoxins
title_short A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk
title_full A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk
title_fullStr A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk
title_full_unstemmed A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk
title_sort A rapid immunochemical strategy for aflatoxin M1 monitoring in donor human milk
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Salcedo Domínguez, Jaime
López Puertollano, Daniel
Abad Somovilla, Antonio
Agullo, Consuelo
Abad Fuentes, Antonio
Mercader, Josep Vicent
author Salcedo Domínguez, Jaime
author_facet Salcedo Domínguez, Jaime
López Puertollano, Daniel
Abad Somovilla, Antonio
Agullo, Consuelo
Abad Fuentes, Antonio
Mercader, Josep Vicent
author_role author
author2 López Puertollano, Daniel
Abad Somovilla, Antonio
Agullo, Consuelo
Abad Fuentes, Antonio
Mercader, Josep Vicent
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
European Commission
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Infant health
Human milk
Milk banks
Mycotoxins
Aflatoxin M1
ELISA
health
human milk
mycotoxins
topic Infant health
Human milk
Milk banks
Mycotoxins
Aflatoxin M1
ELISA
health
human milk
mycotoxins
description Human milk is widely recognized as the optimal food for infants, providing essential nutrients and immunological protection. However, when unavailable, donor human milk from milk banks is the preferred alternative, especially for preterm or vulnerable infants. While microbiological safety in donor milk is routinely addressed through pasteurization, the presence of chemical contaminants remains largely overlooked. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a toxic metabolite of aflatoxin B1, is one of the most harmful and commonly encountered mycotoxins in milk. Although AFM1 is strictly regulated in bovine milk within the European Union, it is not currently monitored in human milk. In this study, we report the development and validation of a highly sensitive and robust enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantification of AFM1 in human milk. A specific monoclonal antibody was produced and used in an optimized immunoassay format requiring only a minimal sample preparation consisting of centrifugation and buffer dilution. The assay demonstrated high sensitivity (the limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.017 and 0.023 ng/mL, respectively), rapid analysis time (< 60 min), and good accuracy, with recoveries ranging from 85 % to 111 % within the 0.025–0.1 ng/mL AFM1 concentration range. This is the first validated immunoassay for AFM1 detection in donor human milk at levels compliant with EU regulations for infant food, offering a cost-effective solution for routine screening of AFM1 in donor milk, thereby enhancing chemical safety monitoring practices within human milk banks.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/407272
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/407272
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/CEX2021-001189-S
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-125721OB-C21
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2021-125721OB-C22
Food Research International
The underlying dataset has been published as supplementary material of the article in the publisher platform at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117841
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.117841
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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