Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review

Respiratory/inspiratory muscle training (RMT/IMT) has been proposed to improve the endurance performance of athletes in normoxia. In recent years, due to the increased use of hypoxic training method among athletes, the RMT applicability has also been tested as a method to minimize adverse effects si...

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Autores: Álvarez-Herms, Jesús, Julià-Sánchez, Sonia, Corbi, Francisco, Odriozola Martínez, Adrián, Burtscher, Martin
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2019
País:España
Institución:Universidad del País Vasco
Repositorio:Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
OAI Identifier:oai:addi.ehu.eus:10810/32225
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10810/32225
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:respiratory muscles
physical performance
training
muscle endurance
respiratory exercises
hypoxia
adaptation
induced diaphragmatic fatigue
increases cycling endurance
time-trial performance
inspiratory muscle
exercise performance
high-altitude
ventilatory response
running performance
maximal exercise
oxygen-uptake
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spelling Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A ReviewÁlvarez-Herms, JesúsJulià-Sánchez, SoniaCorbi, FranciscoOdriozola Martínez, AdriánBurtscher, Martinrespiratory musclesphysical performancetrainingmuscle endurancerespiratory exerciseshypoxiaadaptationinduced diaphragmatic fatigueincreases cycling endurancetime-trial performanceinspiratory muscleexercise performancehigh-altitudeventilatory responserunning performancemaximal exerciseoxygen-uptakeRespiratory/inspiratory muscle training (RMT/IMT) has been proposed to improve the endurance performance of athletes in normoxia. In recent years, due to the increased use of hypoxic training method among athletes, the RMT applicability has also been tested as a method to minimize adverse effects since hyperventilation may cause respiratory muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise in hypoxia. We performed a review in order to determine factors potentially affecting the change in endurance performance in hypoxia after RMT in healthy subjects. A comprehensive search was done in the electronic databases MEDLINE and Google Scholar including keywords: "RMT/IMT," and/or "endurance performance," and/or "altitude" and/or "hypoxia." Seven appropriate studies were found until April 2018. Analysis of the studies showed that two RMT methods were used in the protocols: respiratory muscle endurance (RME) (isocapnic hyperpnea: commonly 10-30', 3-5 d/week) in three of the seven studies, and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) (Powerbreathe device: commonly 2 x 30 reps at 50% MIP (maximal inspiratory pressure), 5-7 d/week) in the remaining four studies. The duration of the protocols ranged from 4 to 8 weeks, and it was found in synthesis that during exercise in hypoxia, RMT promoted (1) reduced respiratory muscle fatigue, (2) delayed respiratory muscle metaboreflex activation, (3) better maintenance of SaO(2) and blood flow to locomotor muscles. In general, no increases of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were described. Ventilatory function improvements (maximal inspiratory pressure) achieved by using RMT fostered the capacity to adapt to hypoxia and minimized the impact of respiratory stress during the acclimatization stage in comparison with placebo/sham. In conclusion, RMT was found to elicit general positive effects mainly on respiratory efficiency and breathing patterns, lower dyspneic perceptions and improved physical performance in conditions of hypoxia. Thus, this method is recommended to be used as a pre-exposure tool for strengthening respiratory muscles and minimizing the adverse effects caused by hypoxia related hyperventilation. Future studies will assess these effects in elite athletes.Frontiers Media201920192019info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10810/32225reponame:Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigacióninstname:Universidad del País VascoIngléshttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.01970/fullinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/2019 Álvarez-Herms, Julià-Sánchez, Corbi, Odriozola-Martínez and Burtscher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Atribución 3.0 Españaoai:addi.ehu.eus:10810/322252026-06-18T09:23:17Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review
title Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review
spellingShingle Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review
Álvarez-Herms, Jesús
respiratory muscles
physical performance
training
muscle endurance
respiratory exercises
hypoxia
adaptation
induced diaphragmatic fatigue
increases cycling endurance
time-trial performance
inspiratory muscle
exercise performance
high-altitude
ventilatory response
running performance
maximal exercise
oxygen-uptake
title_short Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review
title_full Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review
title_fullStr Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review
title_full_unstemmed Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review
title_sort Putative Role of Respiratory Muscle Training to Improve Endurance Performance in Hypoxia: A Review
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Álvarez-Herms, Jesús
Julià-Sánchez, Sonia
Corbi, Francisco
Odriozola Martínez, Adrián
Burtscher, Martin
author Álvarez-Herms, Jesús
author_facet Álvarez-Herms, Jesús
Julià-Sánchez, Sonia
Corbi, Francisco
Odriozola Martínez, Adrián
Burtscher, Martin
author_role author
author2 Julià-Sánchez, Sonia
Corbi, Francisco
Odriozola Martínez, Adrián
Burtscher, Martin
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv respiratory muscles
physical performance
training
muscle endurance
respiratory exercises
hypoxia
adaptation
induced diaphragmatic fatigue
increases cycling endurance
time-trial performance
inspiratory muscle
exercise performance
high-altitude
ventilatory response
running performance
maximal exercise
oxygen-uptake
topic respiratory muscles
physical performance
training
muscle endurance
respiratory exercises
hypoxia
adaptation
induced diaphragmatic fatigue
increases cycling endurance
time-trial performance
inspiratory muscle
exercise performance
high-altitude
ventilatory response
running performance
maximal exercise
oxygen-uptake
description Respiratory/inspiratory muscle training (RMT/IMT) has been proposed to improve the endurance performance of athletes in normoxia. In recent years, due to the increased use of hypoxic training method among athletes, the RMT applicability has also been tested as a method to minimize adverse effects since hyperventilation may cause respiratory muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise in hypoxia. We performed a review in order to determine factors potentially affecting the change in endurance performance in hypoxia after RMT in healthy subjects. A comprehensive search was done in the electronic databases MEDLINE and Google Scholar including keywords: "RMT/IMT," and/or "endurance performance," and/or "altitude" and/or "hypoxia." Seven appropriate studies were found until April 2018. Analysis of the studies showed that two RMT methods were used in the protocols: respiratory muscle endurance (RME) (isocapnic hyperpnea: commonly 10-30', 3-5 d/week) in three of the seven studies, and respiratory muscle strength (RMS) (Powerbreathe device: commonly 2 x 30 reps at 50% MIP (maximal inspiratory pressure), 5-7 d/week) in the remaining four studies. The duration of the protocols ranged from 4 to 8 weeks, and it was found in synthesis that during exercise in hypoxia, RMT promoted (1) reduced respiratory muscle fatigue, (2) delayed respiratory muscle metaboreflex activation, (3) better maintenance of SaO(2) and blood flow to locomotor muscles. In general, no increases of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were described. Ventilatory function improvements (maximal inspiratory pressure) achieved by using RMT fostered the capacity to adapt to hypoxia and minimized the impact of respiratory stress during the acclimatization stage in comparison with placebo/sham. In conclusion, RMT was found to elicit general positive effects mainly on respiratory efficiency and breathing patterns, lower dyspneic perceptions and improved physical performance in conditions of hypoxia. Thus, this method is recommended to be used as a pre-exposure tool for strengthening respiratory muscles and minimizing the adverse effects caused by hypoxia related hyperventilation. Future studies will assess these effects in elite athletes.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2019
2019
2019
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10810/32225
url http://hdl.handle.net/10810/32225
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2018.01970/full
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
Atribución 3.0 España
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
Atribución 3.0 España
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Frontiers Media
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Frontiers Media
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
instname:Universidad del País Vasco
instname_str Universidad del País Vasco
reponame_str Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
collection Addi. Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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