On the perturbed Friedmann equations in Newtonian gauge

Based on Newtonian mechanics, in this article, we present a heuristic derivation of the Friedmann equations, providing an intuitive foundation for these fundamental relations in cosmology. Additionally, using the first law of thermodynamics and Euler’s equation, we derive a set of equations that, at...

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Bibliographic Details
Authors: Haro Cases, Jaume|||0000-0002-5705-2405, Elizalde Rius, Emilio, Pan, Supriya
Format: article
Publication Date:2025
Country:España
Institution:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repository:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Language:English
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/426855
Online Access:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/426855
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe11020064
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Friedmann equations
Cosmological perturbations
Newtonian mechanics
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Física::Astronomia i astrofísica
Description
Summary:Based on Newtonian mechanics, in this article, we present a heuristic derivation of the Friedmann equations, providing an intuitive foundation for these fundamental relations in cosmology. Additionally, using the first law of thermodynamics and Euler’s equation, we derive a set of equations that, at linear order, coincide with those obtained from the conservation of the stress-energy tensor in general relativity. This approach not only highlights the consistency between Newtonian and relativistic frameworks in certain limits, but also serves as a pedagogical bridge, offering insights into the physical principles underlying the dynamics of the universe.