Investigating students' subjective comfort with window-airing during the cold season: thermal sensation, humidity, air movement, and perceived air quality

Balancing the need for indoor air quality and thermal comfort during cold seasons is challenging for naturally ventilated schools. For students' health concerns, opening windows to ventilate during class time could be inevitable in winter, especially during flu season. However, there is a lack...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Miao, Sen|||0000-0003-0266-9405, Gangolells Solanellas, Marta|||0000-0001-7921-595X, Tejedor Herrán, Blanca|||0000-0002-2064-0617
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositorio:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/427908
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/427908
https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112988
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Natural ventilation
Thermal comfort
Subjective sensation vote
Perceived air quality
Field experiment
Window airing
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Edificació::Instal·lacions i acondicionament d'edificis::Instal·lacions de climatització
Descripción
Sumario:Balancing the need for indoor air quality and thermal comfort during cold seasons is challenging for naturally ventilated schools. For students' health concerns, opening windows to ventilate during class time could be inevitable in winter, especially during flu season. However, there is a lack of field studies investigating its potential impacts on students' comfort. In this context, this study investigated students' subjective comfort with window airing in winter through a field study in the Mediterranean climate, with a total of 34 field experiments with different window opening scenarios conducted in two university classrooms. The study analyzed the effect of thermal sensation, humidity, air movement, and perceived air quality on students' comfort and identified correlated environmental parameters. The results showed that students' comfort was mainly determined by thermal sensation and air movement, while they were not very sensitive to indoor humidity and air quality. Their thermal sensation was found to be directly determined by the indoor temperature and not correlated with the outdoor temperature. Achieving the required ventilation rate would not cause obvious discomfort in terms of air movement. Moreover, the study validated 4 main adaptive PMV models (nPMV, adPMV, arPMV, and epmPMV) and found them to be ineffective with forced window openings. The proposed comfort prediction model suggests that to meet the ventilation rate requirement, the indoor temperature should be maintained above 21¿ to avoid causing thermal discomfort problems. The specific practical recommendations are given in the conclusions.