Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years

Clinical relevance: Convergence insufficiency (CI) at an early age can lead to learning difficulties affecting school performance. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CI in a non-clinical population of Spanish children using well defined clinical criteria and to determine whether...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Sánchez Cuadrado, Carla, Bueno Fernández, Sara, Cárdenas Rebollo, José Miguel, Palomo Álvarez, Catalina
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2021
País:España
Institución:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
Repositorio:Docta Complutense
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/5050
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/5050
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:617.75-053.2
612.846
Binocular vision
Convergence insufficiency
Non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies
School screening
Spanish children.
Optometría
Óptica fisiológica
Demografía (Sociología)
2209.15 Optometría
52 Demografía
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oai_identifier_str oai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/5050
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
spelling Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 yearsSánchez Cuadrado, CarlaBueno Fernández, SaraCárdenas Rebollo, José MiguelPalomo Álvarez, Catalina617.75-053.2612.846Binocular visionConvergence insufficiencyNon-strabismic binocular vision anomaliesSchool screeningSpanish children.OptometríaÓptica fisiológicaDemografía (Sociología)2209.15 Optometría52 DemografíaClinical relevance: Convergence insufficiency (CI) at an early age can lead to learning difficulties affecting school performance. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CI in a non-clinical population of Spanish children using well defined clinical criteria and to determine whether sex is a risk factor. Methods: Visual acuity and binocular vision tests were performed in 628 children aged 6-14 years (mean age 9.6 ± 1.3 years) at three schools in the Madrid Community, Spain. To assess CI prevalence we used CITT (Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial) criteria. The three signs considered were: i) exophoria at least 4∆ greater at near than at far; ii) near break point of convergence (NPC) ≥ 6 cm; and iii) reduced positive fusional vergence (PFV) at near (≤ 15∆ base-out break or failed Sheard's criterion). Results: The CI prevalence detected was 5.30% (33 children). Proportions of children with one or two signs of CI were 23.76% (148 children) and 12.20% (76 children), respectively. No differences in these CI rates by sex were detected. Conclusion: The clinically significant CI prevalence observed here suggests the need for more binocular vision screening programmes in school settings.Spanish General Council of OptometristsUniversidad Complutense de Madrid20212021-11-3120212021-11-31journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/5050reponame:Docta Complutenseinstname:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 Españahttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:docta.ucm.es:20.500.14352/50502026-06-02T12:44:21Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years
title Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years
spellingShingle Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years
Sánchez Cuadrado, Carla
617.75-053.2
612.846
Binocular vision
Convergence insufficiency
Non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies
School screening
Spanish children.
Optometría
Óptica fisiológica
Demografía (Sociología)
2209.15 Optometría
52 Demografía
title_short Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years
title_full Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years
title_fullStr Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years
title_full_unstemmed Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years
title_sort Prevalence of convergence insufficiency among Spanish school children aged 6 to 14 years
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Sánchez Cuadrado, Carla
Bueno Fernández, Sara
Cárdenas Rebollo, José Miguel
Palomo Álvarez, Catalina
author Sánchez Cuadrado, Carla
author_facet Sánchez Cuadrado, Carla
Bueno Fernández, Sara
Cárdenas Rebollo, José Miguel
Palomo Álvarez, Catalina
author_role author
author2 Bueno Fernández, Sara
Cárdenas Rebollo, José Miguel
Palomo Álvarez, Catalina
author2_role author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidad Complutense de Madrid
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv 617.75-053.2
612.846
Binocular vision
Convergence insufficiency
Non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies
School screening
Spanish children.
Optometría
Óptica fisiológica
Demografía (Sociología)
2209.15 Optometría
52 Demografía
topic 617.75-053.2
612.846
Binocular vision
Convergence insufficiency
Non-strabismic binocular vision anomalies
School screening
Spanish children.
Optometría
Óptica fisiológica
Demografía (Sociología)
2209.15 Optometría
52 Demografía
description Clinical relevance: Convergence insufficiency (CI) at an early age can lead to learning difficulties affecting school performance. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of CI in a non-clinical population of Spanish children using well defined clinical criteria and to determine whether sex is a risk factor. Methods: Visual acuity and binocular vision tests were performed in 628 children aged 6-14 years (mean age 9.6 ± 1.3 years) at three schools in the Madrid Community, Spain. To assess CI prevalence we used CITT (Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial) criteria. The three signs considered were: i) exophoria at least 4∆ greater at near than at far; ii) near break point of convergence (NPC) ≥ 6 cm; and iii) reduced positive fusional vergence (PFV) at near (≤ 15∆ base-out break or failed Sheard's criterion). Results: The CI prevalence detected was 5.30% (33 children). Proportions of children with one or two signs of CI were 23.76% (148 children) and 12.20% (76 children), respectively. No differences in these CI rates by sex were detected. Conclusion: The clinically significant CI prevalence observed here suggests the need for more binocular vision screening programmes in school settings.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2021
2021-11-31
2021
2021-11-31
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/5050
url https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14352/5050
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 3.0 España
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/es/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Spanish General Council of Optometrists
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Spanish General Council of Optometrists
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Docta Complutense
instname:Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
instname_str Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM)
reponame_str Docta Complutense
collection Docta Complutense
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,300724

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