What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks

Non-consensual sexting (NCS) is a form of cyberviolence with serious consequences, particularly during adolescence—a developmental stage characterized by peer influence and identity formation. While conventional approaches focused on victims and perpetrators, increasing attention is being directed t...

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Autores: Villa Henao, Daniela, Ojeda Pérez, Mónica, Mora Merchán, Joaquín Antonio, Rey Alamillo, Rosario del
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
Repositorio:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:idus________::db5f3e8f05c82a5da351302807403b0f
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/11441/183824
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09085-7
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Non-consensual sexting
Bystanders
Defensive response
Adolescents
Theoretical frameworks
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spelling What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworksVilla Henao, DanielaOjeda Pérez, MónicaMora Merchán, Joaquín AntonioRey Alamillo, Rosario delNon-consensual sextingBystandersDefensive responseAdolescentsTheoretical frameworksNon-consensual sexting (NCS) is a form of cyberviolence with serious consequences, particularly during adolescence—a developmental stage characterized by peer influence and identity formation. While conventional approaches focused on victims and perpetrators, increasing attention is being directed toward bystanders, who have the potential to intervene and disrupt these harmful dynamics. Unlike previous research, which often applies a single theoretical model, this study comparatively explored the applicability of three theoretical frameworks: the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB), and Social Learning Theory (SLT) in explaining bystanders’ defensive responses. The analytic sample consisted of 2,496 Spanish adolescents (50% boys and 50% girls) aged 11–18 (M = 14.07; SD = 1.39). Structural equation modeling revealed SLT had the highest explanatory power (55.6%), followed by TPB (37.9%), and TNSB (28.5%). Key factors included subjective norms, intention to help, and self-efficacy. By adopting a comparative theoretical approach that considers both individual and contextual factors, this study identifies the most influential variables within each framework and provides a clearer account of the mechanisms underlying bystander intervention in NCS. The results highlight the need for multilevel strategies that integrate individual and contextual influences to promote defensive bystander responses and challenge the normalization of NCS.SpringerPsicología Evolutiva y de la EducaciónMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España2026info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/183824https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09085-7reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevillainstname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)InglésCurrent Psychology, 45 (5), 471. PID2020-115913GB-I00PID2023-148735NB-I00https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09085-7info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:idus________::db5f3e8f05c82a5da351302807403b0f2026-06-17T12:51:07Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks
title What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks
spellingShingle What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks
Villa Henao, Daniela
Non-consensual sexting
Bystanders
Defensive response
Adolescents
Theoretical frameworks
title_short What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks
title_full What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks
title_fullStr What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks
title_full_unstemmed What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks
title_sort What factors shape bystanders’ defensive responses to non-consensual sexting? An approach from social and behavioral theoretical frameworks
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Villa Henao, Daniela
Ojeda Pérez, Mónica
Mora Merchán, Joaquín Antonio
Rey Alamillo, Rosario del
author Villa Henao, Daniela
author_facet Villa Henao, Daniela
Ojeda Pérez, Mónica
Mora Merchán, Joaquín Antonio
Rey Alamillo, Rosario del
author_role author
author2 Ojeda Pérez, Mónica
Mora Merchán, Joaquín Antonio
Rey Alamillo, Rosario del
author2_role author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MICIU). España
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Non-consensual sexting
Bystanders
Defensive response
Adolescents
Theoretical frameworks
topic Non-consensual sexting
Bystanders
Defensive response
Adolescents
Theoretical frameworks
description Non-consensual sexting (NCS) is a form of cyberviolence with serious consequences, particularly during adolescence—a developmental stage characterized by peer influence and identity formation. While conventional approaches focused on victims and perpetrators, increasing attention is being directed toward bystanders, who have the potential to intervene and disrupt these harmful dynamics. Unlike previous research, which often applies a single theoretical model, this study comparatively explored the applicability of three theoretical frameworks: the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the Theory of Normative Social Behavior (TNSB), and Social Learning Theory (SLT) in explaining bystanders’ defensive responses. The analytic sample consisted of 2,496 Spanish adolescents (50% boys and 50% girls) aged 11–18 (M = 14.07; SD = 1.39). Structural equation modeling revealed SLT had the highest explanatory power (55.6%), followed by TPB (37.9%), and TNSB (28.5%). Key factors included subjective norms, intention to help, and self-efficacy. By adopting a comparative theoretical approach that considers both individual and contextual factors, this study identifies the most influential variables within each framework and provides a clearer account of the mechanisms underlying bystander intervention in NCS. The results highlight the need for multilevel strategies that integrate individual and contextual influences to promote defensive bystander responses and challenge the normalization of NCS.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11441/183824
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09085-7
url https://hdl.handle.net/11441/183824
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09085-7
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Current Psychology, 45 (5), 471.
PID2020-115913GB-I00
PID2023-148735NB-I00
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-026-09085-7
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
instname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
instname_str Universidad de Sevilla (US)
reponame_str idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
collection idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
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