Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas

[EN] Wildfires are widely recognized as a cause of mechanical damage to rocks. Nevertheless, previous research has neglected how wildfires might impact sport climbing areas. In Spain, two large wildfires affected two climbing areas between 2020 and 2021. This paper addresses the rock mechanical effe...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Yeste Lizán, Pablo, Gómez-Heras, Miguel, García Rodríguez, Manuel, Pérez López, Raúl, Carcavilla Urquí, Luis, Ortega-Becerril, Jose A.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2023
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/353988
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/353988
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85148721449
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Wildfires
Hazards
Risk perception
Rock hardness
Rock weathering
Sport climbing
Ultrasound pulse velocity
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spelling Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing AreasYeste Lizán, PabloGómez-Heras, MiguelGarcía Rodríguez, ManuelPérez López, RaúlCarcavilla Urquí, LuisOrtega-Becerril, Jose A.WildfiresHazardsRisk perceptionRock hardnessRock weatheringSport climbingUltrasound pulse velocity[EN] Wildfires are widely recognized as a cause of mechanical damage to rocks. Nevertheless, previous research has neglected how wildfires might impact sport climbing areas. In Spain, two large wildfires affected two climbing areas between 2020 and 2021. This paper addresses the rock mechanical effects of wildfires that could lead to safety issues, such as rock falls, climbing hold deterioration, and climbing anchor damage. In this study, the Non-Destructive Techniques (NDTs) of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Schmidt Hammer (SH) were used, and two types of measurements were carried out: randomized grid measurements and measurements along the climbing routes. Two phenomena were recognized: (a) thermal breakdown and (b) mineralogical changes. The results of using the SH show a relationship between the decrease in the rebound value and the observed mechanical damage. Field observations showed mechanical weathering, such as cracking, spalling, granular disaggregation, and thermochemical weathering with different temperature thresholds. Observed thermochemical reactions included reddening, CaCO3 calcination, rock decomposition, and quartz cracking. The set of changes involves a major rock outcrop transformation and an acceleration of fire-induced weathering processes. Both areas exhibited more effects at the bottom of the wall. Furthermore, in this paper, we explore how iconic climbing routes can be considered a form of cultural heritage and the consequences of their loss.This research was funded by the Top Heritage (P2018/NMT-4372) program from the Regional Government of Madrid (Spain) and Grants PIC2020-116896RB-C21, PIC2020-116896RBC22, and PID2020-113407RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.Peer reviewedMultidisciplinary Digital Publishing InstituteComunidad de MadridAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Yeste Lizán, Pablo [0000-0002-1995-015]Gomez-Heras, Miguel [0000-0001-8272-2362]Pérez López, Raúl [0000-0002-9132-4806]Carcavilla Urquí, Luis [0000-0003-0299-9818]Ortega-Becerril, Jose A. [0000-0003-2722-5077]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202420242023info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/353988https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85148721449reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#P2018/NMT-4372/TOP Heritage-CMinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2020-116896RB-C21info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2020-116896RB-C22info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2020-113407RB-I00https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6020046Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3539882026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas
title Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas
spellingShingle Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas
Yeste Lizán, Pablo
Wildfires
Hazards
Risk perception
Rock hardness
Rock weathering
Sport climbing
Ultrasound pulse velocity
title_short Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas
title_full Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas
title_fullStr Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas
title_full_unstemmed Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas
title_sort Surface Mechanical Effects of Wildfires on Rocks in Climbing Areas
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Yeste Lizán, Pablo
Gómez-Heras, Miguel
García Rodríguez, Manuel
Pérez López, Raúl
Carcavilla Urquí, Luis
Ortega-Becerril, Jose A.
author Yeste Lizán, Pablo
author_facet Yeste Lizán, Pablo
Gómez-Heras, Miguel
García Rodríguez, Manuel
Pérez López, Raúl
Carcavilla Urquí, Luis
Ortega-Becerril, Jose A.
author_role author
author2 Gómez-Heras, Miguel
García Rodríguez, Manuel
Pérez López, Raúl
Carcavilla Urquí, Luis
Ortega-Becerril, Jose A.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Comunidad de Madrid
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Yeste Lizán, Pablo [0000-0002-1995-015]
Gomez-Heras, Miguel [0000-0001-8272-2362]
Pérez López, Raúl [0000-0002-9132-4806]
Carcavilla Urquí, Luis [0000-0003-0299-9818]
Ortega-Becerril, Jose A. [0000-0003-2722-5077]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Wildfires
Hazards
Risk perception
Rock hardness
Rock weathering
Sport climbing
Ultrasound pulse velocity
topic Wildfires
Hazards
Risk perception
Rock hardness
Rock weathering
Sport climbing
Ultrasound pulse velocity
description [EN] Wildfires are widely recognized as a cause of mechanical damage to rocks. Nevertheless, previous research has neglected how wildfires might impact sport climbing areas. In Spain, two large wildfires affected two climbing areas between 2020 and 2021. This paper addresses the rock mechanical effects of wildfires that could lead to safety issues, such as rock falls, climbing hold deterioration, and climbing anchor damage. In this study, the Non-Destructive Techniques (NDTs) of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Schmidt Hammer (SH) were used, and two types of measurements were carried out: randomized grid measurements and measurements along the climbing routes. Two phenomena were recognized: (a) thermal breakdown and (b) mineralogical changes. The results of using the SH show a relationship between the decrease in the rebound value and the observed mechanical damage. Field observations showed mechanical weathering, such as cracking, spalling, granular disaggregation, and thermochemical weathering with different temperature thresholds. Observed thermochemical reactions included reddening, CaCO3 calcination, rock decomposition, and quartz cracking. The set of changes involves a major rock outcrop transformation and an acceleration of fire-induced weathering processes. Both areas exhibited more effects at the bottom of the wall. Furthermore, in this paper, we explore how iconic climbing routes can be considered a form of cultural heritage and the consequences of their loss.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2023
2024
2024
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/353988
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85148721449
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/353988
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/85148721449
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
P2018/NMT-4372/TOP Heritage-CM
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2020-116896RB-C21
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2020-116896RB-C22
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2020-113407RB-I00
https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6020046
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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