Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)

The Red Sea holds one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the world, although fragile and vulnerable to ocean warming. Several studies have analysed the spatio-temporal evolution of temperature in the Red Sea using satellite data, thus focusing only on the surface layer and covering the last ∼3...

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Autores: Agulles, Miguel, Jordá, Gabriel, Jones, Burton H., Agustí, Susana, Duarte, Carlos M.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión aceptada para publicación
Fecha de publicación:2020
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/317718
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/317718
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Medio Marino
Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares
Red Sea Temperatures Optimal Interpolation
evolution
technology
research
overturn
heat content
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spelling Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)Agulles, MiguelJordá, GabrielJones, Burton H.Agustí, SusanaDuarte, Carlos M.Medio MarinoCentro Oceanográfico de BalearesRed Sea Temperatures Optimal Interpolationevolutiontechnologyresearchoverturnheat contentThe Red Sea holds one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the world, although fragile and vulnerable to ocean warming. Several studies have analysed the spatio-temporal evolution of temperature in the Red Sea using satellite data, thus focusing only on the surface layer and covering the last ∼30 years. To better understand the long-term variability and trends of temperature in the whole water column, we produce a 3-D gridded temperature product (TEMPERSEA) for the period 1958–2017, based on a large number of in situ observations, covering the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. After a specific quality control, a mapping algorithm based on optimal interpolation have been applied to homogenize the data. Also, an estimate of the uncertainties of the product has been generated. The calibration of the algorithm and the uncertainty computation has been done through sensitivity experiments based on synthetic data from a realistic numerical simulation. TEMPERSEA has been compared to satellite observations of sea surface temperature for the period 1981–2017, showing good agreement especially in those periods when a reasonable number of observations were available. Also, very good agreement has been found between air temperatures and reconstructed sea temperatures in the upper 100 m for the whole period 1958–2017, enhancing confidence in the quality of the product. The product has been used to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of the temperature field in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at different timescales (seasonal, interannual and multidecadal). Clear differences have been found between the two regions suggesting that the Red Sea variability is mainly driven by air–sea interactions, while in the Gulf of Aden the lateral advection of water plays a relevant role. Regarding long-term evolution, our results show only positive trends above 40 m depth, with maximum trends of 0.045 + 0.016 ∘C decade−1 at 15 m, and the largest negative trends at 125 m (−0.072+0.011 ∘C decade−1). Multidecadal variations have a strong impact on the trend computation and restricting them to the last 30–40 years of data can bias high the trend estimates.SIConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202320232020info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Postprintinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/317718reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)InglésCentro Oceanográfico de Baleareshttps://os.copernicus.org/articles/16/149/2020/Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3177182026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)
title Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)
spellingShingle Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)
Agulles, Miguel
Medio Marino
Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares
Red Sea Temperatures Optimal Interpolation
evolution
technology
research
overturn
heat content
title_short Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)
title_full Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)
title_fullStr Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)
title_full_unstemmed Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)
title_sort Temporal evolution of temperatures in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden based on in situ observations (1958–2017)
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Agulles, Miguel
Jordá, Gabriel
Jones, Burton H.
Agustí, Susana
Duarte, Carlos M.
author Agulles, Miguel
author_facet Agulles, Miguel
Jordá, Gabriel
Jones, Burton H.
Agustí, Susana
Duarte, Carlos M.
author_role author
author2 Jordá, Gabriel
Jones, Burton H.
Agustí, Susana
Duarte, Carlos M.
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Medio Marino
Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares
Red Sea Temperatures Optimal Interpolation
evolution
technology
research
overturn
heat content
topic Medio Marino
Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares
Red Sea Temperatures Optimal Interpolation
evolution
technology
research
overturn
heat content
description The Red Sea holds one of the most diverse marine ecosystems in the world, although fragile and vulnerable to ocean warming. Several studies have analysed the spatio-temporal evolution of temperature in the Red Sea using satellite data, thus focusing only on the surface layer and covering the last ∼30 years. To better understand the long-term variability and trends of temperature in the whole water column, we produce a 3-D gridded temperature product (TEMPERSEA) for the period 1958–2017, based on a large number of in situ observations, covering the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. After a specific quality control, a mapping algorithm based on optimal interpolation have been applied to homogenize the data. Also, an estimate of the uncertainties of the product has been generated. The calibration of the algorithm and the uncertainty computation has been done through sensitivity experiments based on synthetic data from a realistic numerical simulation. TEMPERSEA has been compared to satellite observations of sea surface temperature for the period 1981–2017, showing good agreement especially in those periods when a reasonable number of observations were available. Also, very good agreement has been found between air temperatures and reconstructed sea temperatures in the upper 100 m for the whole period 1958–2017, enhancing confidence in the quality of the product. The product has been used to characterize the spatio-temporal variability of the temperature field in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden at different timescales (seasonal, interannual and multidecadal). Clear differences have been found between the two regions suggesting that the Red Sea variability is mainly driven by air–sea interactions, while in the Gulf of Aden the lateral advection of water plays a relevant role. Regarding long-term evolution, our results show only positive trends above 40 m depth, with maximum trends of 0.045 + 0.016 ∘C decade−1 at 15 m, and the largest negative trends at 125 m (−0.072+0.011 ∘C decade−1). Multidecadal variations have a strong impact on the trend computation and restricting them to the last 30–40 years of data can bias high the trend estimates.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2020
2023
2023
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Postprint
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format article
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/317718
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/317718
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Centro Oceanográfico de Baleares
https://os.copernicus.org/articles/16/149/2020/
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,812429

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