Graphene oxide as a surface consolidant for conservation-compatible earth- and lime-based plasters

[EN] Plasters are protective coatings for building walls and ceilings, but they suffer degradation over time, particularly in vernacular and historic buildings where compatible, low-embodied-energy mortars are required. In this study, the effect of a graphene oxide (GO) surface treatment was evaluat...

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Detalhes bibliográficos
Autores: Antolín Rodríguez, Andrea, Santos, Tânia, García González, Julia, Juan Valdés, Andrés, Faria, Paulina
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Recursos:Universidad de León
Repositorio:BULERIA. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de León
OAI Identifier:oai:buleria.unileon.es:10612/27811
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/10612/27811
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Ingeniería forestal
Wall and ceiling coating
Clay mortar
Air lime
Natural hydraulic lime
Ceramic dust
Ceramic aggregate
3106 Ciencia Forestal
Descrição
Resumo:[EN] Plasters are protective coatings for building walls and ceilings, but they suffer degradation over time, particularly in vernacular and historic buildings where compatible, low-embodied-energy mortars are required. In this study, the effect of a graphene oxide (GO) surface treatment was evaluated on five different plastering mortars representative of traditional and conservation-compatible formulations: earth-sand (E); air lime-sand (CL); air lime-sand with the addition of ceramic dust (CL + CD); air lime-ceramic waste (CL_CW); and natural hydraulic lime-sand (NHL). GO was applied by spraying under controlled conditions, and the specimens were characterized before and after treatment in terms of color, dry bulk density, thermal conductivity, surface cohesion, surface hardness and moisture buffering behaviour. Quantitative colorimetric analysis showed that GO promoted perceptible darkening in the lighter mortars (E: ΔE = 12.95; CL: ΔE = 9.14), while CL_CW exhibited negligible chromatic variation (ΔE = 0.57). GO application resulted in a slight increase in dry bulk density (+0.6% to +0.8%) and a reduction in thermal conductivity (up to 11.1% in CL_CW), depending on the mortar type. GO also tended to increase surface cohesion (up to a 56.6% reduction in cohesive mass loss) and surface hardness, with statistically significant improvements in NHL and CL_CW. Additionally, GO slightly enhanced moisture buffering capacity, although these changes were not statistically significant. This work provides the first systematic comparative assessment of GO as a surface treatment on multiple conservation-compatible earthen and lime-based plaster mortars, combining quantitative colorimetric, hygrothermal and surface-mechanical characterization to support its potential use in preventive conservation strategies for historic and vernacular architecture.