The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst

MAXI J1834- 021 is a new X-ray transient discovered in February 2023. We analysed the spectral and timing properties of MAXI J1834- 021 using NICER, NuSTAR and Swift data collected between March and October 2023. The light curve showed a main peak followed by a second activity phase. Most of the spe...

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Autores: Manca, Arianna, Marino, Alessio, Borghese, Alice, Coti Zelati, Francesco, Mastroserio, Guglielmo, Sanna, Andrea, Homan, J., Connors, R. M.T., Santo, Melania del, Armas Padilla, M., Muñoz-Darias, Teo, Salvo, Tiziana di, Rea, Nanda, García, Javier, Riggio, Alessandro, Baglio, Maria Cristina, Burderi, Luciano
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/400391
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/400391
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105010090901
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Accretion, accretion disks
Binaries: general
Stars: black holes
Stars: low-mass
X-rays: individuals: MAXI J1834- 021
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst
title The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst
spellingShingle The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst
Manca, Arianna
Accretion, accretion disks
Binaries: general
Stars: black holes
Stars: low-mass
X-rays: individuals: MAXI J1834- 021
title_short The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst
title_full The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst
title_fullStr The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst
title_full_unstemmed The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst
title_sort The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburst
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Manca, Arianna
Marino, Alessio
Borghese, Alice
Coti Zelati, Francesco
Mastroserio, Guglielmo
Sanna, Andrea
Homan, J.
Connors, R. M.T.
Santo, Melania del
Armas Padilla, M.
Muñoz-Darias, Teo
Salvo, Tiziana di
Rea, Nanda
García, Javier
Riggio, Alessandro
Baglio, Maria Cristina
Burderi, Luciano
author Manca, Arianna
author_facet Manca, Arianna
Marino, Alessio
Borghese, Alice
Coti Zelati, Francesco
Mastroserio, Guglielmo
Sanna, Andrea
Homan, J.
Connors, R. M.T.
Santo, Melania del
Armas Padilla, M.
Muñoz-Darias, Teo
Salvo, Tiziana di
Rea, Nanda
García, Javier
Riggio, Alessandro
Baglio, Maria Cristina
Burderi, Luciano
author_role author
author2 Marino, Alessio
Borghese, Alice
Coti Zelati, Francesco
Mastroserio, Guglielmo
Sanna, Andrea
Homan, J.
Connors, R. M.T.
Santo, Melania del
Armas Padilla, M.
Muñoz-Darias, Teo
Salvo, Tiziana di
Rea, Nanda
García, Javier
Riggio, Alessandro
Baglio, Maria Cristina
Burderi, Luciano
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
European Commission
European Research Council
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)
Manca, Arianna [0009-0001-2063-4719]
Marino, Alessio [0000-0001-5674-4664]
Borghese, Alice [0000-0001-8785-5922]
Coti Zelati, Francesco [0000-0001-7611-1581]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Accretion, accretion disks
Binaries: general
Stars: black holes
Stars: low-mass
X-rays: individuals: MAXI J1834- 021
topic Accretion, accretion disks
Binaries: general
Stars: black holes
Stars: low-mass
X-rays: individuals: MAXI J1834- 021
description MAXI J1834- 021 is a new X-ray transient discovered in February 2023. We analysed the spectral and timing properties of MAXI J1834- 021 using NICER, NuSTAR and Swift data collected between March and October 2023. The light curve showed a main peak followed by a second activity phase. Most of the spectra extracted from individual NICER observations could be adequately fit with a Comptonisation component alone, while some required an additional thermal component. The spectral evolution is consistent with a softening trend as the source becomes brighter in X-rays. We also analysed the broadband spectrum by combining data from simultaneous NICER and NuSTAR observations on March 10, 2023. This spectrum can be fitted with a disc component having an inner radius temperature of kT<inf>in</inf>∼0.4 keV and a Comptonisation component with a power-law photon index of Γ ∼1.8. By including a reflection component in the modelling, we obtained a 3σ upper limit for the inner disc radius of 11.4 gravitational radii. We also detected a quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO), whose central frequency varies with time (from 2 Hz to ∼0.9 Hz), and anti-correlates with the hardness ratio. Based on the observed spectral-timing properties, MAXI J1834- 021 can be classified as a low-mass X-ray binary in outburst. However, we cannot draw a definitive conclusion about the nature of the accreting compact object, which could currently be a black hole or a neutron star.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
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dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/400391
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105010090901
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/400391
https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105010090901
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dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
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spelling The nature of the X-ray binary transient MAXI J1834-021: Clues from its first observed outburstManca, AriannaMarino, AlessioBorghese, AliceCoti Zelati, FrancescoMastroserio, GuglielmoSanna, AndreaHoman, J.Connors, R. M.T.Santo, Melania delArmas Padilla, M.Muñoz-Darias, TeoSalvo, Tiziana diRea, NandaGarcía, JavierRiggio, AlessandroBaglio, Maria CristinaBurderi, LucianoAccretion, accretion disksBinaries: generalStars: black holesStars: low-massX-rays: individuals: MAXI J1834- 021MAXI J1834- 021 is a new X-ray transient discovered in February 2023. We analysed the spectral and timing properties of MAXI J1834- 021 using NICER, NuSTAR and Swift data collected between March and October 2023. The light curve showed a main peak followed by a second activity phase. Most of the spectra extracted from individual NICER observations could be adequately fit with a Comptonisation component alone, while some required an additional thermal component. The spectral evolution is consistent with a softening trend as the source becomes brighter in X-rays. We also analysed the broadband spectrum by combining data from simultaneous NICER and NuSTAR observations on March 10, 2023. This spectrum can be fitted with a disc component having an inner radius temperature of kT<inf>in</inf>∼0.4 keV and a Comptonisation component with a power-law photon index of Γ ∼1.8. By including a reflection component in the modelling, we obtained a 3σ upper limit for the inner disc radius of 11.4 gravitational radii. We also detected a quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO), whose central frequency varies with time (from 2 Hz to ∼0.9 Hz), and anti-correlates with the hardness ratio. Based on the observed spectral-timing properties, MAXI J1834- 021 can be classified as a low-mass X-ray binary in outburst. However, we cannot draw a definitive conclusion about the nature of the accreting compact object, which could currently be a black hole or a neutron star.The authors acknowledge financial contribution from the agreement ASI-INAF n. 2017-14-H.0 and INAF mainstream (PI: A. De Rosa, T. Belloni), from the HERMES project financed by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) Agreement n. 2016/13 U.O and from the ASI-INAF Accordo Attuativo HERMES Technologic Pathfinder n. 2018-10-H.1-2020. We also acknowledge support from the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Frame-work Programme under grant agreement HERMES-Scientific Pathfinder n. 821896 and from PRIN-INAF 2019 with the project “Probing the geometry of accretion: from theory to observations” (PI: Belloni). We thank the NuSTAR PI, Fiona Harrison, for approving the DDT request, and the NuSTAR SOC for carrying out the observation. We also thank Brad Cenko and the Swift duty scientists and science planners for making the Swift Target of Opportunity observations possible. A. Marino and F.C.Z. are supported by the H2020 ERC Consolidator Grant “MAGNESIA” under grant agreement No. 817661 (PI: Rea) and from grant SGR2021-01269 (PI: Graber/Rea). F.C.Z. is also supported by a Ramón y Cajal fellowship (grant agreement RYC2021-030888-I). A.B. is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science under the grant EUR2021-122010 (PI: Muñoz-Darias), a L’Oreal–Unesco For Women In Science Fellowship (2023 Italian program) and ESA Fellowship. G.M. acknowledges financial support from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 101107057. M.A.P. acknowledges support through the Ramón y Cajal grant RYC2022-035388-I, funded by MCIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and FSE+. T.M.-D. acknowledges support by the Spanish Agencia estatal de investigación via PID2021-124879NB-I00. This work was also partially supported by the program Unidad de Excelencia Maria de Maeztu CEX2020-001058-M. M.C.B. acknowledges support from the INAF-Astrofit fellowship.With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (CEX2020-001058-M)Peer reviewedEDP SciencesIstituto Nazionale di AstrofisicaAgenzia Spaziale ItalianaEuropean CommissionEuropean Research CouncilConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)Manca, Arianna [0009-0001-2063-4719]Marino, Alessio [0000-0001-5674-4664]Borghese, Alice [0000-0001-8785-5922]Coti Zelati, Francesco [0000-0001-7611-1581]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/400391https://api.elsevier.com/content/abstract/scopus_id/105010090901reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. 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