Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization

[EN] In recent decades, thermoelectric (TE) materials have proven to be a complementary source of renewable energy, as they can directly convert waste heat into electrical energy. Energy-efficient, reliable, and scalable synthetic routes for the fabrication of TE materials and their processing into...

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Autores: Hamawandi, Bejan, Serrano-Claumarchirant, José F., Ergul, Adem B., Pudzs, Kaspars, Pudza, Inga, Parsa, Parva, Kirsanli, Metehan, Bitmets, Oskars, Toprak, Muhammet S.
Formato: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Recursos:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
Repositorio:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:dnet:riunet______::a2dadd9440188ef0741884eb93f5a92b
Acesso em linha:https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/235427
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Hybrid thermoelectrics
Ink formulation
Printed thermoelectrics
Hall mobility
Thermoelectric generator design
Finite element modeling
Power density
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spelling Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimizationHamawandi, BejanSerrano-Claumarchirant, José F.Ergul, Adem B.Pudzs, KasparsPudza, IngaParsa, ParvaKirsanli, MetehanBitmets, OskarsToprak, Muhammet S.Hybrid thermoelectricsInk formulationPrinted thermoelectricsHall mobilityThermoelectric generator designFinite element modelingPower density[EN] In recent decades, thermoelectric (TE) materials have proven to be a complementary source of renewable energy, as they can directly convert waste heat into electrical energy. Energy-efficient, reliable, and scalable synthetic routes for the fabrication of TE materials and their processing into functional devices via low-energy and low-waste routes are necessary for the broader adoption of these materials in various applications. In this work, we report the formulation of hybrid thermoelectric (hTE) inks based on nanostructured Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3, using PMMA as the polymer matrix and hexanedithiol (HDT) as the binder. Percolation studies were conducted to determine the optimal film composition, with an 80% nanoparticle content yielding the highest TE performance. Finite element modelling (FEM) was employed to optimize the device geometry, including the cross-sectional area ratio of p-and n-type legs, to maximize power output. Based on these results, a flexible hTEG was fabricated using the optimized ink composition. The device exhibited an output power of 950 nW and a Power output Density (PoD) of 40.37 nW cm-2 under a 30 K temperature gradient, significantly outperforming previously reported polymer-based flexible hTEGs incorporating chalcogenides. This study presents a sustainable and effective strategy for developing high-performance hybrid thermoelectric devices through ink formulation, composition optimization, and simulation-guided device design.B.H. acknowledges the support of the Latvian Council of Science project No.1.1.1.9/LZP/1/24/043.M.S.T. and J.F.S-C. acknowledges funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 863222, and Olle Engkvist Foundation (SOEB, 226-0113). We acknowledge DESY (Hamburg, Germany), a member of the Helmholtz Association HGF, for providing experimental facilities. The experiments at the DESY PETRA III synchrotron were performed within proposal No I-20220381 EC. M.S.T. acknowledges the financial support from Olle Engkvist Foundation (SOEB, 190-0315) for establishing MW synthesis facilities. O.B and K.P. thank the support of the Latvian Council of Science, grant number lzp-2023/1-0456. J.F.S-C. acknowledges the support of the Juan de la Cierva fellowship (JDC2023-051223-I) .ElsevierEuropean CommissionMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y UniversidadesMinistry of Education and Science, Republic of LatviaRepositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politècnica de València Riunet20262026-04-01journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/235427reponame:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valénciainstname:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)InglésengEuropean Commission https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 H2020 863222 Solid-liquid thermoelectric systems with uncorrelated propertiesMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades https://doi.org/10.13039/100014440 JDC2023-051223-IMinistry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia 1.1.1.9%2FLZP%2F1%2F24%2F043Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia lzp-2023%2F1 0456open accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Reconocimiento (by)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:dnet:riunet______::a2dadd9440188ef0741884eb93f5a92b2026-06-13T07:49:27Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization
title Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization
spellingShingle Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization
Hamawandi, Bejan
Hybrid thermoelectrics
Ink formulation
Printed thermoelectrics
Hall mobility
Thermoelectric generator design
Finite element modeling
Power density
title_short Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization
title_full Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization
title_fullStr Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization
title_full_unstemmed Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization
title_sort Synergistic enhancement of Bi2Te3/Sb2Te3-PMMA thermoelectric generators via dithiol-assisted conductivity and FEM-based geometry optimization
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Hamawandi, Bejan
Serrano-Claumarchirant, José F.
Ergul, Adem B.
Pudzs, Kaspars
Pudza, Inga
Parsa, Parva
Kirsanli, Metehan
Bitmets, Oskars
Toprak, Muhammet S.
author Hamawandi, Bejan
author_facet Hamawandi, Bejan
Serrano-Claumarchirant, José F.
Ergul, Adem B.
Pudzs, Kaspars
Pudza, Inga
Parsa, Parva
Kirsanli, Metehan
Bitmets, Oskars
Toprak, Muhammet S.
author_role author
author2 Serrano-Claumarchirant, José F.
Ergul, Adem B.
Pudzs, Kaspars
Pudza, Inga
Parsa, Parva
Kirsanli, Metehan
Bitmets, Oskars
Toprak, Muhammet S.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv European Commission
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia
Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politècnica de València Riunet
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Hybrid thermoelectrics
Ink formulation
Printed thermoelectrics
Hall mobility
Thermoelectric generator design
Finite element modeling
Power density
topic Hybrid thermoelectrics
Ink formulation
Printed thermoelectrics
Hall mobility
Thermoelectric generator design
Finite element modeling
Power density
description [EN] In recent decades, thermoelectric (TE) materials have proven to be a complementary source of renewable energy, as they can directly convert waste heat into electrical energy. Energy-efficient, reliable, and scalable synthetic routes for the fabrication of TE materials and their processing into functional devices via low-energy and low-waste routes are necessary for the broader adoption of these materials in various applications. In this work, we report the formulation of hybrid thermoelectric (hTE) inks based on nanostructured Sb2Te3 and Bi2Te3, using PMMA as the polymer matrix and hexanedithiol (HDT) as the binder. Percolation studies were conducted to determine the optimal film composition, with an 80% nanoparticle content yielding the highest TE performance. Finite element modelling (FEM) was employed to optimize the device geometry, including the cross-sectional area ratio of p-and n-type legs, to maximize power output. Based on these results, a flexible hTEG was fabricated using the optimized ink composition. The device exhibited an output power of 950 nW and a Power output Density (PoD) of 40.37 nW cm-2 under a 30 K temperature gradient, significantly outperforming previously reported polymer-based flexible hTEGs incorporating chalcogenides. This study presents a sustainable and effective strategy for developing high-performance hybrid thermoelectric devices through ink formulation, composition optimization, and simulation-guided device design.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
2026-04-01
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/235427
url https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/235427
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv European Commission https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000780 H2020 863222 Solid-liquid thermoelectric systems with uncorrelated properties
Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades https://doi.org/10.13039/100014440 JDC2023-051223-I
Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia 1.1.1.9%2FLZP%2F1%2F24%2F043
Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia Ministry of Education and Science, Republic of Latvia lzp-2023%2F1 0456
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Reconocimiento (by)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Reconocimiento (by)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
instname:Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV)
reponame_str RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
collection RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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