Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal

[EN]The third set of locks of the Panama Canal is one the most impressive civil infrastructures in the world. Its construction, however, was delayed by two years incurring cost overruns in billions that were mainly related to the use of the local basalt as the raw material for concrete production. T...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Suárez Barrios, María Mercedes, García Romero, Emilia, Baz, Ascensión, Pérez, Rafael
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2021
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Salamanca (USAL)
Repositorio:GREDOS. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Salamanca
OAI Identifier:oai:gredos.usal.es:10366/169194
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169194
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Basalt
Aggregates
Rapid degradation
Texture
Swelling clays
Acceleration aging
2506 Geología
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repository_id_str
spelling Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama CanalSuárez Barrios, María MercedesGarcía Romero, EmiliaBaz, AscensiónPérez, RafaelBasaltAggregatesRapid degradationTextureSwelling claysAcceleration aging2506 Geología[EN]The third set of locks of the Panama Canal is one the most impressive civil infrastructures in the world. Its construction, however, was delayed by two years incurring cost overruns in billions that were mainly related to the use of the local basalt as the raw material for concrete production. The rapid degradation during the construction of an apparent sound basalt resulted in the huge loss of fines during the manufacturing of concrete. In the rock, olivine and glass are, respectively, altered to iddingsite and palagonite that are mainly composed of smectites. Smectites are also found around plagioclase and pyroxene crystals and filling the dense network of micro- and nano-cracks. Moreover, these smectites are spatially interconnected, which is the key to explaining the unexpected behavior and the rapid degradation of the basalt. Such a rapid degradation of basic igneous rocks – exposed to the weather and then utilized as a construction material – is not frequent, yet it is significant enough to call for the development of a new standard for the use of these materials in construction.Elsevier202620262021info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10366/169194reponame:GREDOS. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Salamancainstname:Universidad de Salamanca (USAL)Inglésinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:gredos.usal.es:10366/1691942026-06-07T06:28:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal
title Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal
spellingShingle Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal
Suárez Barrios, María Mercedes
Basalt
Aggregates
Rapid degradation
Texture
Swelling clays
Acceleration aging
2506 Geología
title_short Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal
title_full Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal
title_fullStr Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal
title_full_unstemmed Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal
title_sort Smectites: The key to the cost overruns in the construction of the third set of locks of the Panama Canal
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Suárez Barrios, María Mercedes
García Romero, Emilia
Baz, Ascensión
Pérez, Rafael
author Suárez Barrios, María Mercedes
author_facet Suárez Barrios, María Mercedes
García Romero, Emilia
Baz, Ascensión
Pérez, Rafael
author_role author
author2 García Romero, Emilia
Baz, Ascensión
Pérez, Rafael
author2_role author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Basalt
Aggregates
Rapid degradation
Texture
Swelling clays
Acceleration aging
2506 Geología
topic Basalt
Aggregates
Rapid degradation
Texture
Swelling clays
Acceleration aging
2506 Geología
description [EN]The third set of locks of the Panama Canal is one the most impressive civil infrastructures in the world. Its construction, however, was delayed by two years incurring cost overruns in billions that were mainly related to the use of the local basalt as the raw material for concrete production. The rapid degradation during the construction of an apparent sound basalt resulted in the huge loss of fines during the manufacturing of concrete. In the rock, olivine and glass are, respectively, altered to iddingsite and palagonite that are mainly composed of smectites. Smectites are also found around plagioclase and pyroxene crystals and filling the dense network of micro- and nano-cracks. Moreover, these smectites are spatially interconnected, which is the key to explaining the unexpected behavior and the rapid degradation of the basalt. Such a rapid degradation of basic igneous rocks – exposed to the weather and then utilized as a construction material – is not frequent, yet it is significant enough to call for the development of a new standard for the use of these materials in construction.
publishDate 2021
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2021
2026
2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169194
url http://hdl.handle.net/10366/169194
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:GREDOS. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Salamanca
instname:Universidad de Salamanca (USAL)
instname_str Universidad de Salamanca (USAL)
reponame_str GREDOS. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Salamanca
collection GREDOS. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Salamanca
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,812455

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