Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions

According to the Paris Agreement, climate action must be based on equity. In 2025, countries will have to submit their second nationally determined contribution (NDC) and these will have to provide arguments on how the party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national c...

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Autores: Herrera González, Oliver|||0009-0005-3697-0679, Alcaraz Sendra, Olga|||0000-0003-1648-7805, Sureda Carbonell, Bàrbara|||0000-0001-8691-3721
Tipo de documento: artigo
Data de publicação:2025
País:España
Recursos:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositório:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglês
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/431637
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/431637
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-025-09670-4
Access Level:Acceso aberto
Palavra-chave:Equity
Common but differentiated responsibilities
Fairness and ambition
Fairness principles/indicators
Paris agreement
Nationally determined contributions
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament humà i sostenible
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spelling Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributionsHerrera González, Oliver|||0009-0005-3697-0679Alcaraz Sendra, Olga|||0000-0003-1648-7805Sureda Carbonell, Bàrbara|||0000-0001-8691-3721EquityCommon but differentiated responsibilitiesFairness and ambitionFairness principles/indicatorsParis agreementNationally determined contributionsÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament humà i sostenibleAccording to the Paris Agreement, climate action must be based on equity. In 2025, countries will have to submit their second nationally determined contribution (NDC) and these will have to provide arguments on how the party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances. This article presents a study of the information provided by countries in the fairness and ambition section of their NDC. The use of principles and indicators that are supported by international environmental law is analysed. Countries that use these principles and indicators are also mapped based on their historical emissions per capita and their GDP per capita, grouping them into developed countries, developing countries or countries belonging to the group of least developed countries and/or small island developing states. The study shows that the countries which most use principles and indicators supported by international environmental law are those with the least historical responsibility and economic capacity. It is also evident that the majority of countries use principles and indicators that are favourable to them when justifying their ambition, and that they avoid using those which would argue for an increase in ambition. It is particularly concerning that, in general, the developed countries do not base their arguments on these principles. The authors suggest that, to increase the robustness of the arguments, countries should report using principles consistent with international environmental law and, if possible, standardized indicators should be used to allow comparisons between countries.This study was conducted within the framework of the Sustainability Science and Technology Research Group (CITES), supported by the ‘Grants promoting the scientific activity of research groups in Catalonia’, provided by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Autonomous Government of Catalonia). Grant number: 2021 SGR 01063. Oliver Herrera expresses his gratitude to the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID) through the Chile Scholarship Program (Doctorado Becas Chile / 2024-72240113), thanks to which he has been able to carry out this work.Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::16 - Pau, Justícia i Institucions SòlidesObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al ClimaSpringer20252025-04-0320252025-06-16journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/431637https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-025-09670-4reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/4316372026-05-27T15:37:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions
title Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions
spellingShingle Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions
Herrera González, Oliver|||0009-0005-3697-0679
Equity
Common but differentiated responsibilities
Fairness and ambition
Fairness principles/indicators
Paris agreement
Nationally determined contributions
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament humà i sostenible
title_short Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions
title_full Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions
title_fullStr Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions
title_sort Analysis of fairness and ambition considerations in nationally determined contributions
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Herrera González, Oliver|||0009-0005-3697-0679
Alcaraz Sendra, Olga|||0000-0003-1648-7805
Sureda Carbonell, Bàrbara|||0000-0001-8691-3721
author Herrera González, Oliver|||0009-0005-3697-0679
author_facet Herrera González, Oliver|||0009-0005-3697-0679
Alcaraz Sendra, Olga|||0000-0003-1648-7805
Sureda Carbonell, Bàrbara|||0000-0001-8691-3721
author_role author
author2 Alcaraz Sendra, Olga|||0000-0003-1648-7805
Sureda Carbonell, Bàrbara|||0000-0001-8691-3721
author2_role author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Equity
Common but differentiated responsibilities
Fairness and ambition
Fairness principles/indicators
Paris agreement
Nationally determined contributions
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament humà i sostenible
topic Equity
Common but differentiated responsibilities
Fairness and ambition
Fairness principles/indicators
Paris agreement
Nationally determined contributions
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Desenvolupament humà i sostenible
description According to the Paris Agreement, climate action must be based on equity. In 2025, countries will have to submit their second nationally determined contribution (NDC) and these will have to provide arguments on how the party considers that its NDC is fair and ambitious in the light of its national circumstances. This article presents a study of the information provided by countries in the fairness and ambition section of their NDC. The use of principles and indicators that are supported by international environmental law is analysed. Countries that use these principles and indicators are also mapped based on their historical emissions per capita and their GDP per capita, grouping them into developed countries, developing countries or countries belonging to the group of least developed countries and/or small island developing states. The study shows that the countries which most use principles and indicators supported by international environmental law are those with the least historical responsibility and economic capacity. It is also evident that the majority of countries use principles and indicators that are favourable to them when justifying their ambition, and that they avoid using those which would argue for an increase in ambition. It is particularly concerning that, in general, the developed countries do not base their arguments on these principles. The authors suggest that, to increase the robustness of the arguments, countries should report using principles consistent with international environmental law and, if possible, standardized indicators should be used to allow comparisons between countries.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025-04-03
2025
2025-06-16
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/431637
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-025-09670-4
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/431637
https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10784-025-09670-4
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 4.0 International
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
instname_str Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
reponame_str UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
collection UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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