Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses

Inhalable particulate matter (size <2.5 μm: PM2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10–20 μg/m3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3–6 μg/m3; OC/EC = 3.4), followed by SO42,...

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Authors: Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia, Amato, Fulvio, Moreno, Natalia, Pacitto, Antonio, Reche, Cristina, Marco, Esther, Grimalt, Joan O., Querol, Xavier, Moreno, Teresa
Format: article
Status:Versión aceptada para publicación
Publication Date:2019
Country:España
Institution:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repository:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/199919
Online Access:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/199919
Access Level:Open access
Keyword:Indoor air quality
Commuting
Public buses
Diesel bus
Electric bus
Tourist bus
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oai_identifier_str oai:digital.csic.es:10261/199919
network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
title Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
spellingShingle Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia
Indoor air quality
Commuting
Public buses
Diesel bus
Electric bus
Tourist bus
title_short Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
title_full Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
title_fullStr Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
title_full_unstemmed Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
title_sort Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia
Amato, Fulvio
Moreno, Natalia
Pacitto, Antonio
Reche, Cristina
Marco, Esther
Grimalt, Joan O.
Querol, Xavier
Moreno, Teresa
author Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia
author_facet Fernández-Iriarte, Amaia
Amato, Fulvio
Moreno, Natalia
Pacitto, Antonio
Reche, Cristina
Marco, Esther
Grimalt, Joan O.
Querol, Xavier
Moreno, Teresa
author_role author
author2 Amato, Fulvio
Moreno, Natalia
Pacitto, Antonio
Reche, Cristina
Marco, Esther
Grimalt, Joan O.
Querol, Xavier
Moreno, Teresa
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)
Amato, Fulvio [0000-0003-1546-9154]
Moreno, Natalia [0000-0003-1488-2561]
Marco, Esther [0000-0002-9870-3470]
Reche, Cristina [0000-0002-3387-3989]
Grimalt, Joan O. [0000-0002-7391-5768]
Querol, Xavier [0000-0002-6549-9899]
Moreno, Teresa [0000-0003-3235-1027]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Indoor air quality
Commuting
Public buses
Diesel bus
Electric bus
Tourist bus
topic Indoor air quality
Commuting
Public buses
Diesel bus
Electric bus
Tourist bus
description Inhalable particulate matter (size <2.5 μm: PM2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10–20 μg/m3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3–6 μg/m3; OC/EC = 3.4), followed by SO42, Fe, Ca, K, Al2O3, Mg, and Na, with calculated mineral content being around one third that of total carbon. Elemental carbon levels are higher inside diesel buses than those powered by natural gas or electricity, and higher in the upper floor of open-top double decker tourist buses than in the lower floor. Overall, major element concentrations inside the buses are typically 2–8 times higher than 24 h-averaged urban background levels, although some metallic trace elements, notably Cu and Sb, are exceptionally enriched due to the presence of brake particles, especially on routes involving higher gradients and therefore more brake use. In contrast, Cu and Sb concentrations in electric buses are unexceptional, presumably because these buses rely more on regenerative braking and are hermetically sealed when moving. Seasonal differences reveal PM to be more mineral in winter (Al2O3 1.3 μg/m3 vs. summer average of 0.3 μg/m3), with summer enrichment in Na, Mg, P, V, Ni and SO42− being attributed to marine aerosols contaminated by port emissions. Source apportionment calculations identify 6 main factors: road dust resuspension, metalliferous (brake wear and metallurgy), local urban dust, secondary sulphate and shipping (6%), vehicle exhaust (19%), and an indoor source (46%) interpreted as likely related to the textile fibres and skin flakes of bus occupants. Volatile Organic Compounds measured inside all buses except one were dominated by 2-Methylpentane (14–36 μg/m3), Toluene (10–30 μg/m3), Xylene isomers (10–28 μg/m3, with m- » o- > p-Xylene) and n-Pentane (5–15 μg/m3). ƩBTEX concentrations were <70 μg/m3, with Toluene being commonest, followed by m-Xylene, with p-Xylene, o-Xylene and Ethylbenzene each below 7 μg/m3 and Benzene concentrations always less than the EU limit value of 5 μg/m3. The VOCs mixture is similar to that recently reported from inside Barcelona taxis (although inside the larger volume bus VOC concentrations are lower than in the taxis) and is interpreted as providing a chemical fingerprint characterising traffic-contaminated ambient air in the city road environment. The notable exception to the VOC content was a brand new hybrid diesel bus still offgassing volatiles to such an extent that Ʃ(alkane + alkene + aromatic) indoor concentrations exceeded 800 μg/m3, with ƩBTEX ten times higher than normal.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2019
2020
2020
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Postprint
info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion
format article
status_str acceptedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/199919
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/199919
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/CGL2016-79132-R
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117234
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
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spelling Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist busesFernández-Iriarte, AmaiaAmato, FulvioMoreno, NataliaPacitto, AntonioReche, CristinaMarco, EstherGrimalt, Joan O.Querol, XavierMoreno, TeresaIndoor air qualityCommutingPublic busesDiesel busElectric busTourist busInhalable particulate matter (size <2.5 μm: PM2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10–20 μg/m3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3–6 μg/m3; OC/EC = 3.4), followed by SO42, Fe, Ca, K, Al2O3, Mg, and Na, with calculated mineral content being around one third that of total carbon. Elemental carbon levels are higher inside diesel buses than those powered by natural gas or electricity, and higher in the upper floor of open-top double decker tourist buses than in the lower floor. Overall, major element concentrations inside the buses are typically 2–8 times higher than 24 h-averaged urban background levels, although some metallic trace elements, notably Cu and Sb, are exceptionally enriched due to the presence of brake particles, especially on routes involving higher gradients and therefore more brake use. In contrast, Cu and Sb concentrations in electric buses are unexceptional, presumably because these buses rely more on regenerative braking and are hermetically sealed when moving. Seasonal differences reveal PM to be more mineral in winter (Al2O3 1.3 μg/m3 vs. summer average of 0.3 μg/m3), with summer enrichment in Na, Mg, P, V, Ni and SO42− being attributed to marine aerosols contaminated by port emissions. Source apportionment calculations identify 6 main factors: road dust resuspension, metalliferous (brake wear and metallurgy), local urban dust, secondary sulphate and shipping (6%), vehicle exhaust (19%), and an indoor source (46%) interpreted as likely related to the textile fibres and skin flakes of bus occupants. Volatile Organic Compounds measured inside all buses except one were dominated by 2-Methylpentane (14–36 μg/m3), Toluene (10–30 μg/m3), Xylene isomers (10–28 μg/m3, with m- » o- > p-Xylene) and n-Pentane (5–15 μg/m3). ƩBTEX concentrations were <70 μg/m3, with Toluene being commonest, followed by m-Xylene, with p-Xylene, o-Xylene and Ethylbenzene each below 7 μg/m3 and Benzene concentrations always less than the EU limit value of 5 μg/m3. The VOCs mixture is similar to that recently reported from inside Barcelona taxis (although inside the larger volume bus VOC concentrations are lower than in the taxis) and is interpreted as providing a chemical fingerprint characterising traffic-contaminated ambient air in the city road environment. The notable exception to the VOC content was a brand new hybrid diesel bus still offgassing volatiles to such an extent that Ʃ(alkane + alkene + aromatic) indoor concentrations exceeded 800 μg/m3, with ƩBTEX ten times higher than normal.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness with FEDER funds (BUSAIR CGL2016-79132-R) and by CSIC with the “Proyecto Intramural: Exposición a compuestos organicos volatiles en el interior de autobuses de transporte publico urbano” (201730I003). We are grateful to Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB) for their co-operation throughout the whole project. Funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya (AGAUR 2017 SGR41) is also acknowledged.Peer reviewedElsevierMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (España)Amato, Fulvio [0000-0003-1546-9154]Moreno, Natalia [0000-0003-1488-2561]Marco, Esther [0000-0002-9870-3470]Reche, Cristina [0000-0002-3387-3989]Grimalt, Joan O. [0000-0002-7391-5768]Querol, Xavier [0000-0002-6549-9899]Moreno, Teresa [0000-0003-3235-1027]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202020202019info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Postprintinfo:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/199919reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/MINECO/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2013-2016/CGL2016-79132-Rhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.117234Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/1999192026-05-22T06:33:51Z
score 15,812429

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