Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America

The genus Doto Oken, 1815 is, taxonomically, one of the most complex genera of nudibranchs due to the cryptic nature of its species, their small body size, and the homogeneity among their internal and external features. Here, an extensive molecular analysis of Mediterranean, Northeastern Atlantic, a...

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Autores: Vázquez-Alcaide, Diego, Salvador, Xavier, Giribet, Gonzalo, Hooker, Yuri, Schrödl, Michael, Moles, Juan
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Recursos:Universidad de Barcelona
Repositorio:Dipòsit Digital de la UB
OAI Identifier:oai:diposit.ub.edu:2445/225099
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2445/225099
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Gastròpodes
Taxonomia (Biologia)
Filogènia
Gastropods
Taxonomy (Biology)
Phylogeny
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spelling Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South AmericaVázquez-Alcaide, DiegoSalvador, XavierGiribet, GonzaloHooker, YuriSchrödl, MichaelMoles, JuanGastròpodesTaxonomia (Biologia)FilogèniaGastropodsTaxonomy (Biology)PhylogenyThe genus Doto Oken, 1815 is, taxonomically, one of the most complex genera of nudibranchs due to the cryptic nature of its species, their small body size, and the homogeneity among their internal and external features. Here, an extensive molecular analysis of Mediterranean, Northeastern Atlantic, and South American specimens sheds light on the species-level taxonomy of the group. Our multilocus analyses include 171 specimens, 59 of which are newly sequenced, corresponding to 20 species. Ten species are included in a molecular phylogeny for the first time, two being new species. Here, we provide detailed morphological and ecological descriptions of three Atlantic species, 11 Mediterranean species, and one from the Pacific, complemented by live photographs evidencing their chromatic variation. The phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses suggest that coloration and external morphology are often unreliable for differentiating among species. Molecular evidence corroborates and expands the geographical distribution of Doto species, some of which have never been included in molecular studies. The Mediterranean species currently recognized as D. coronata (Gmelin, 1791) and D. dunnei Lemche, 1976 correspond to D. millbayana Lemche, 1976. Consequently, we suggest the junior synonymy with D. dunnei syn. nov. Nevertheless, we found evidence for a restricted distribution of D. coronata in the western Mediterranean, coexisting in sympatry with D. cavernicola sp. nov. An additional new species from the Chilean Patagonia is also described as D. vrenifossorum sp. nov. Considering the present phylogenetic scenario, there is a highlighted need for further new morphological and genetic evidence, expanding the number of taxa and species to further unravel the taxonomy of Doto.Springer Verlag2026info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/225099Articles publicats en revistes (Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals)reponame:Dipòsit Digital de la UBinstname:Universidad de BarcelonaInglésReproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-025-01600-6Marine Biodiversity, 2026, vol. 56, num.1, p. 1-35https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-025-01600-6cc-by (c) Vázquez-Alcaide, Diego et al., 2026http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:diposit.ub.edu:2445/2250992026-05-27T06:46:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America
title Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America
spellingShingle Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America
Vázquez-Alcaide, Diego
Gastròpodes
Taxonomia (Biologia)
Filogènia
Gastropods
Taxonomy (Biology)
Phylogeny
title_short Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America
title_full Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America
title_fullStr Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America
title_full_unstemmed Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America
title_sort Systematic revision of the speciose sea slug genus Doto (Heterobranchia: Nudibranchia) − from the Mediterranean to South America
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Vázquez-Alcaide, Diego
Salvador, Xavier
Giribet, Gonzalo
Hooker, Yuri
Schrödl, Michael
Moles, Juan
author Vázquez-Alcaide, Diego
author_facet Vázquez-Alcaide, Diego
Salvador, Xavier
Giribet, Gonzalo
Hooker, Yuri
Schrödl, Michael
Moles, Juan
author_role author
author2 Salvador, Xavier
Giribet, Gonzalo
Hooker, Yuri
Schrödl, Michael
Moles, Juan
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Gastròpodes
Taxonomia (Biologia)
Filogènia
Gastropods
Taxonomy (Biology)
Phylogeny
topic Gastròpodes
Taxonomia (Biologia)
Filogènia
Gastropods
Taxonomy (Biology)
Phylogeny
description The genus Doto Oken, 1815 is, taxonomically, one of the most complex genera of nudibranchs due to the cryptic nature of its species, their small body size, and the homogeneity among their internal and external features. Here, an extensive molecular analysis of Mediterranean, Northeastern Atlantic, and South American specimens sheds light on the species-level taxonomy of the group. Our multilocus analyses include 171 specimens, 59 of which are newly sequenced, corresponding to 20 species. Ten species are included in a molecular phylogeny for the first time, two being new species. Here, we provide detailed morphological and ecological descriptions of three Atlantic species, 11 Mediterranean species, and one from the Pacific, complemented by live photographs evidencing their chromatic variation. The phylogenetic and species delimitation analyses suggest that coloration and external morphology are often unreliable for differentiating among species. Molecular evidence corroborates and expands the geographical distribution of Doto species, some of which have never been included in molecular studies. The Mediterranean species currently recognized as D. coronata (Gmelin, 1791) and D. dunnei Lemche, 1976 correspond to D. millbayana Lemche, 1976. Consequently, we suggest the junior synonymy with D. dunnei syn. nov. Nevertheless, we found evidence for a restricted distribution of D. coronata in the western Mediterranean, coexisting in sympatry with D. cavernicola sp. nov. An additional new species from the Chilean Patagonia is also described as D. vrenifossorum sp. nov. Considering the present phylogenetic scenario, there is a highlighted need for further new morphological and genetic evidence, expanding the number of taxa and species to further unravel the taxonomy of Doto.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2445/225099
url https://hdl.handle.net/2445/225099
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Reproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-025-01600-6
Marine Biodiversity, 2026, vol. 56, num.1, p. 1-35
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-025-01600-6
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv cc-by (c) Vázquez-Alcaide, Diego et al., 2026
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv cc-by (c) Vázquez-Alcaide, Diego et al., 2026
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer Verlag
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer Verlag
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Articles publicats en revistes (Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals)
reponame:Dipòsit Digital de la UB
instname:Universidad de Barcelona
instname_str Universidad de Barcelona
reponame_str Dipòsit Digital de la UB
collection Dipòsit Digital de la UB
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,81155

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