Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia

The Huari Huari deposit, Potosí Department in SW Bolivia, hosts polymetallic stratiform and vein mineralization of Miocene age with significant concentrations of the critical metal indium (In). Vein mineralization records document early crystallization of quartz and cassiterite followed by prominent...

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Autores: Torró Abat, Lisard, Melgarejo Draper, Joan Carles, Gemmrich, Laura, Mollinedo, Diva, Cazorla Martínez, Malena, Martínez, Álvaro, Pujol Solà, Núria, Farré de Pablo, Júlia, Camprubí Cano, Antoni, Artiaga Torres, David, Torres Cueva, Belén, Alfonso Abella, María Pura|||0000-0002-1515-4999, Arce Burgoa, Osvaldo R.
Formato: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2019
País:España
Recursos:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
Repositorio:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/169494
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2117/169494
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9050304
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Indium ores
Mineralogy -- Bolivia
Critical metals
Indium
Central Andes
Polymetallic vein deposits
Bolivian-type deposits
Mineralogia -- Bolívia
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Geologia::Mineralogia
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spelling Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, BoliviaTorró Abat, LisardMelgarejo Draper, Joan CarlesGemmrich, LauraMollinedo, DivaCazorla Martínez, MalenaMartínez, ÁlvaroPujol Solà, NúriaFarré de Pablo, JúliaCamprubí Cano, AntoniArtiaga Torres, DavidTorres Cueva, BelénAlfonso Abella, María Pura|||0000-0002-1515-4999Arce Burgoa, Osvaldo R.Indium oresMineralogy -- BoliviaCritical metalsIndiumCentral AndesPolymetallic vein depositsBolivian-type depositsMineralogia -- BolíviaÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Geologia::MineralogiaThe Huari Huari deposit, Potosí Department in SW Bolivia, hosts polymetallic stratiform and vein mineralization of Miocene age with significant concentrations of the critical metal indium (In). Vein mineralization records document early crystallization of quartz and cassiterite followed by prominent associations of sulfides and sulfosalts. The earliest sulfide was arsenopyrite, followed by pyrrhotite, and progressively giving way to pyrite as the main iron sulfide, whereas Cu–Ag–Pb sulfosalts constitute late hypogene associations. Sphalerite is the chief ore mineral, and its crystallization is extended during most of the mineralization lifespan as evidenced by its initial cocrystallization with pyrrhotine, then with pyrite, and finally with Ag–Pb sulfosalts. The composition of sphalerite varies from early to late generations with a continuous decrease in FeS that attests to a decrease in temperature, which is constrained to vary from ~450 to <200 °C, and/or an increase in f(S2), both congruent with the described paragenetic sequence. Indium concentrated mostly in the structure of Fe-rich sphalerite (up to 3.49 wt. %) and stannite (up to 2.64 wt. %) as limited solid solutions with roquesite in the (Zn,Fe)S–Cu2FeSnS4–CuInS2 pseudoternary system. In sphalerite, In shows a strong positive correlation with Cu at Cu/In = 1, suggesting its incorporation via a (Cu+ + In3+) ¿ 2Zn2+ coupled substitution, and it does not correlate with Fe. In stannite, In shows a moderate, negative correlation with Cu and Sn, and an In3+ ¿ (Cu+ + ½ Sn4+) coupled substitution is suggested. Coexisting sphalerite and stannite yielded the highest In concentrations and crystallized at temperatures between 350 and 250 °C. Copper activity probably played a major role in the accumulation of In in the structure of sphalerite since In-bearing sphalerite coexisted with the deposition of stannite, shows high concentrations of Cu (up to 0.13 atoms per formula unit (a.p.f.u.)) in its structure, and hosts exsolutions of stannite and chalcopyrite. Distribution on the district scale of In suggests an input of hydrothermal fluids richer in Cu in the central position of the mineralizing system, represented by the Antón Bravo vein.Peer Reviewed20192019-05-1720192019-10-09journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501VoRhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85info:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/169494https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9050304reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)Inglésengopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution 3.0 Spainhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/1694942026-05-27T15:37:01Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia
title Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia
spellingShingle Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia
Torró Abat, Lisard
Indium ores
Mineralogy -- Bolivia
Critical metals
Indium
Central Andes
Polymetallic vein deposits
Bolivian-type deposits
Mineralogia -- Bolívia
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Geologia::Mineralogia
title_short Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia
title_full Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia
title_fullStr Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia
title_full_unstemmed Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia
title_sort Spatial and temporal controls on the distribution of indium in xenothermal vein deposits: the Huari Huari district, Potosí, Bolivia
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Torró Abat, Lisard
Melgarejo Draper, Joan Carles
Gemmrich, Laura
Mollinedo, Diva
Cazorla Martínez, Malena
Martínez, Álvaro
Pujol Solà, Núria
Farré de Pablo, Júlia
Camprubí Cano, Antoni
Artiaga Torres, David
Torres Cueva, Belén
Alfonso Abella, María Pura|||0000-0002-1515-4999
Arce Burgoa, Osvaldo R.
author Torró Abat, Lisard
author_facet Torró Abat, Lisard
Melgarejo Draper, Joan Carles
Gemmrich, Laura
Mollinedo, Diva
Cazorla Martínez, Malena
Martínez, Álvaro
Pujol Solà, Núria
Farré de Pablo, Júlia
Camprubí Cano, Antoni
Artiaga Torres, David
Torres Cueva, Belén
Alfonso Abella, María Pura|||0000-0002-1515-4999
Arce Burgoa, Osvaldo R.
author_role author
author2 Melgarejo Draper, Joan Carles
Gemmrich, Laura
Mollinedo, Diva
Cazorla Martínez, Malena
Martínez, Álvaro
Pujol Solà, Núria
Farré de Pablo, Júlia
Camprubí Cano, Antoni
Artiaga Torres, David
Torres Cueva, Belén
Alfonso Abella, María Pura|||0000-0002-1515-4999
Arce Burgoa, Osvaldo R.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Indium ores
Mineralogy -- Bolivia
Critical metals
Indium
Central Andes
Polymetallic vein deposits
Bolivian-type deposits
Mineralogia -- Bolívia
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Geologia::Mineralogia
topic Indium ores
Mineralogy -- Bolivia
Critical metals
Indium
Central Andes
Polymetallic vein deposits
Bolivian-type deposits
Mineralogia -- Bolívia
Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Geologia::Mineralogia
description The Huari Huari deposit, Potosí Department in SW Bolivia, hosts polymetallic stratiform and vein mineralization of Miocene age with significant concentrations of the critical metal indium (In). Vein mineralization records document early crystallization of quartz and cassiterite followed by prominent associations of sulfides and sulfosalts. The earliest sulfide was arsenopyrite, followed by pyrrhotite, and progressively giving way to pyrite as the main iron sulfide, whereas Cu–Ag–Pb sulfosalts constitute late hypogene associations. Sphalerite is the chief ore mineral, and its crystallization is extended during most of the mineralization lifespan as evidenced by its initial cocrystallization with pyrrhotine, then with pyrite, and finally with Ag–Pb sulfosalts. The composition of sphalerite varies from early to late generations with a continuous decrease in FeS that attests to a decrease in temperature, which is constrained to vary from ~450 to <200 °C, and/or an increase in f(S2), both congruent with the described paragenetic sequence. Indium concentrated mostly in the structure of Fe-rich sphalerite (up to 3.49 wt. %) and stannite (up to 2.64 wt. %) as limited solid solutions with roquesite in the (Zn,Fe)S–Cu2FeSnS4–CuInS2 pseudoternary system. In sphalerite, In shows a strong positive correlation with Cu at Cu/In = 1, suggesting its incorporation via a (Cu+ + In3+) ¿ 2Zn2+ coupled substitution, and it does not correlate with Fe. In stannite, In shows a moderate, negative correlation with Cu and Sn, and an In3+ ¿ (Cu+ + ½ Sn4+) coupled substitution is suggested. Coexisting sphalerite and stannite yielded the highest In concentrations and crystallized at temperatures between 350 and 250 °C. Copper activity probably played a major role in the accumulation of In in the structure of sphalerite since In-bearing sphalerite coexisted with the deposition of stannite, shows high concentrations of Cu (up to 0.13 atoms per formula unit (a.p.f.u.)) in its structure, and hosts exsolutions of stannite and chalcopyrite. Distribution on the district scale of In suggests an input of hydrothermal fluids richer in Cu in the central position of the mineralizing system, represented by the Antón Bravo vein.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2019
2019-05-17
2019
2019-10-09
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv journal article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
VoR
http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85
dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2117/169494
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9050304
url https://hdl.handle.net/2117/169494
https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9050304
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
eng
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 3.0 Spain
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv open access
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
Attribution 3.0 Spain
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/es/
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)
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collection UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC
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