An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)

García-Soto, Carlos; Cheng, L.; Caesar, Levke; Schmidtko, Sunke; Jewett, E. B.; Cheripka, Alicia; Rigor, Ignatius; Caballero, A.; Chiba, Sanae; Báez, José Carlos; Zielinski, Tymon; Abraham, J. P.

An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)

Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the...

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Autores:	García-Soto, Carlos, Cheng, L., Caesar, Levke, Schmidtko, Sunke, Jewett, E. B., Cheripka, Alicia, Rigor, Ignatius, Caballero, A., Chiba, Sanae, Báez, José Carlos, Zielinski, Tymon, Abraham, J. P.
Tipo de recurso:	artículo
Estado:	Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:	2021
País:	España
Institución:	Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:	DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:	oai:digital.csic.es:10261/321596
Acceso en línea:	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596
Access Level:	acceso abierto
Palabra clave:	Medio Marino Sea surface temperature Centro Oceanográfico de Santander Ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice Sea level AMOC ocean climate change indicators sea surface temperature ocean heat content sea level

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network_name_str	España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
title	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
spellingShingle	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation) García-Soto, Carlos Medio Marino Sea surface temperature Centro Oceanográfico de Santander Ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice Sea level AMOC ocean climate change indicators sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice sea level AMOC
title_short	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
title_full	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
title_fullStr	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
title_full_unstemmed	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
title_sort	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	García-Soto, Carlos Cheng, L. Caesar, Levke Schmidtko, Sunke Jewett, E. B. Cheripka, Alicia Rigor, Ignatius Caballero, A. Chiba, Sanae Báez, José Carlos Zielinski, Tymon Abraham, J. P.
author	García-Soto, Carlos
author_facet	García-Soto, Carlos Cheng, L. Caesar, Levke Schmidtko, Sunke Jewett, E. B. Cheripka, Alicia Rigor, Ignatius Caballero, A. Chiba, Sanae Báez, José Carlos Zielinski, Tymon Abraham, J. P.
author_role	author
author2	Cheng, L. Caesar, Levke Schmidtko, Sunke Jewett, E. B. Cheripka, Alicia Rigor, Ignatius Caballero, A. Chiba, Sanae Báez, José Carlos Zielinski, Tymon Abraham, J. P.
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Medio Marino Sea surface temperature Centro Oceanográfico de Santander Ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice Sea level AMOC ocean climate change indicators sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice sea level AMOC
topic	Medio Marino Sea surface temperature Centro Oceanográfico de Santander Ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice Sea level AMOC ocean climate change indicators sea surface temperature ocean heat content ocean pH dissolved oxygen Arctic sea ice sea level AMOC
description	Global ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The globally averaged ocean surface temperature shows a mean warming trend of 0.062 ± 0.013 ºC per decade over the last 120 years (1900–2019). During the last decade (2010–2019) the rate of ocean surface warming has accelerated to 0.280 ± 0.068 ºC per decade, 4.5 times higher than the long term mean. Ocean Heat Content in the upper 2,000 m shows a linear warming rate of 0.35 ± 0.08 Wm-2 in the period 1955–2019 (65 years). The warming rate during the last decade (2010–2019) is twice (0.70 ± 0.07 Wm-2) the warming rate of the long term record. Each of the last six decades have been warmer than the previous one. Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 pH units (from 8.2 to 8.1) since the industrial revolution (1770). By the end of this century (2100) ocean pH is projected to decline additionally by 0.1-0.4 pH units depending on the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) and SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) future scenario. The time of emergence of the pH climate change signal varies from 8 to 15 years for open ocean sites, and 16-41 years for coastal sites. Global dissolved oxygen levels have decreased by 4.8 petamoles or 2% in the last 5 decades, with profound impacts on local and basin scale habitats. Regional trends are varying due to multiple processes impacting dissolved oxygen: solubility change, respiration changes, ocean circulation changes and multidecadal variability. Arctic sea ice extent has been declining by -13.1% per decade in summer (September) and by -2.6% per decade in winter (March) during the last 4 decades (1979–2020). The combined trends of sea ice extent and sea ice thickness indicate that the volume of non-seasonal Arctic Sea Ice has decreased by 75% since 1979. Global mean sea level has increased in the period 1993–2019 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.15 0.3 mm year-1 and is experiencing an acceleration of ~ 0.084 (0.06–0.10) mm year-2. During the last century (1900–2015; 115y) global mean sea level (GMSL) has rised 19 cm, and near 40% of that GMSL rise has taken place since 1993 (22y). Independent proxies of the evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) indicate that AMOC is at its weakest for several hundreds of years and has been slowing down during the last century. A final visual summary of key ocean climate change indicators during the recent decades is provided.
publishDate	2021
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2021 2023 2023
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Publisher's version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format	article
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596
url	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv	Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv	#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE# EC/H2020/727453 Centro Oceanográfico de Santander https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372/full
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv	reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str	Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str	DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection	DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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spelling	An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)García-Soto, CarlosCheng, L.Caesar, LevkeSchmidtko, SunkeJewett, E. B.Cheripka, AliciaRigor, IgnatiusCaballero, A.Chiba, SanaeBáez, José CarlosZielinski, TymonAbraham, J. P.Medio MarinoSea surface temperatureCentro Oceanográfico de SantanderOcean heat contentocean pHdissolved oxygenArctic sea iceSea levelAMOCocean climate change indicatorssea surface temperatureocean heat contentocean pHdissolved oxygenArctic sea icesea levelAMOCGlobal ocean physical and chemical trends are reviewed and updated using seven key ocean climate change indicators: (i) Sea Surface Temperature, (ii) Ocean Heat Content, (iii) Ocean pH, (iv) Dissolved Oxygen concentration (v) Arctic Sea Ice extent, thickness, and volume (vi) Sea Level and (vii) the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The globally averaged ocean surface temperature shows a mean warming trend of 0.062 ± 0.013 ºC per decade over the last 120 years (1900–2019). During the last decade (2010–2019) the rate of ocean surface warming has accelerated to 0.280 ± 0.068 ºC per decade, 4.5 times higher than the long term mean. Ocean Heat Content in the upper 2,000 m shows a linear warming rate of 0.35 ± 0.08 Wm-2 in the period 1955–2019 (65 years). The warming rate during the last decade (2010–2019) is twice (0.70 ± 0.07 Wm-2) the warming rate of the long term record. Each of the last six decades have been warmer than the previous one. Global surface ocean pH has declined on average by approximately 0.1 pH units (from 8.2 to 8.1) since the industrial revolution (1770). By the end of this century (2100) ocean pH is projected to decline additionally by 0.1-0.4 pH units depending on the RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) and SSP (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways) future scenario. The time of emergence of the pH climate change signal varies from 8 to 15 years for open ocean sites, and 16-41 years for coastal sites. Global dissolved oxygen levels have decreased by 4.8 petamoles or 2% in the last 5 decades, with profound impacts on local and basin scale habitats. Regional trends are varying due to multiple processes impacting dissolved oxygen: solubility change, respiration changes, ocean circulation changes and multidecadal variability. Arctic sea ice extent has been declining by -13.1% per decade in summer (September) and by -2.6% per decade in winter (March) during the last 4 decades (1979–2020). The combined trends of sea ice extent and sea ice thickness indicate that the volume of non-seasonal Arctic Sea Ice has decreased by 75% since 1979. Global mean sea level has increased in the period 1993–2019 (the altimetry era) at a mean rate of 3.15 0.3 mm year-1 and is experiencing an acceleration of ~ 0.084 (0.06–0.10) mm year-2. During the last century (1900–2015; 115y) global mean sea level (GMSL) has rised 19 cm, and near 40% of that GMSL rise has taken place since 1993 (22y). Independent proxies of the evolution of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) indicate that AMOC is at its weakest for several hundreds of years and has been slowing down during the last century. A final visual summary of key ocean climate change indicators during the recent decades is provided.BLUEMEDSupport to the BLUEMED Initiative: Coordination of marine and maritime research and innovation activities in the MediterraneanSI202320232021info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/321596reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#EC/H2020/727453Centro Oceanográfico de Santanderhttps://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.642372/fullinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3215962026-05-22T06:33:51Z
score	15.811543

An Overview of Ocean Climate Change Indicators: Sea Surface Temperature, Ocean Heat Content, Ocean pH, Dissolved Oxygen Concentration, Arctic Sea Ice Extent, Thickness and Volume, Sea Level and Strength of the AMOC (Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation)

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