Evaluación de los impactos ambientales derivados de nanomateriales aplicados al envase y embalaje
[EN] The main objective of this thesis is to provide knowledge about the influence of nanomaterials as additives for food packaging purposes. Their influence on final packaging performance and also on the environmental impact of the whole packaging & product system, waste management once the...
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| Formato: | tesis doctoral |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2015 |
| País: | España |
| Recursos: | Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) |
| Repositorio: | RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia |
| Idioma: | español |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/48554 |
| Acesso em linha: | https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/48554 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palavra-chave: | Nanomateriales Envases Seguridad ambiental Impacto ambiental Reciclado ACV PROYECTOS DE INGENIERIA |
| Resumo: | [EN] The main objective of this thesis is to provide knowledge about the influence of nanomaterials as additives for food packaging purposes. Their influence on final packaging performance and also on the environmental impact of the whole packaging & product system, waste management once the packaging is empty. Besides, the environmental impacts not only considering global environmental impacts but ecotoxicity effects are analysed when nanomaterials are incorporated as additives for packaging. The common link between the research articles is according to the main objective intended of this thesis. This objective is to provide novel data and specific research work and results regarding nanomaterials on their application to packaging from different perspectives; functional but mainly environmental. The research activities carried out and detailed in each one of the published papers aim at providing valuable scientific contribution to such ambitious objective commented. Thus, it was considered a key starting point to carry out an exhaustive analysis of the State-of-the-Art on nanomaterials and their applications to food packaging. Due to the huge diversity of existing nanomaterials and that they can be applied not only to the package but to the food product, the analysis was made considering the final properties improvement of the package compared to those only considering conventional materials. The analysis considered three main categories for the properties studied: Technical, active and intelligent. The qualitative evaluation results were grouped to identify the ones with the most relevant potential actual and future for food packaging. That was made applying Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). Although some constraints were identified, such as no availability of specific applications for some nanomaterials, case by case analysis demands, it could be concluded that those nanomaterials have had been focused on barrier properties improvement, microbial activity reduction, mechanical functionality, and water permeability minimisation. Among the more than 84 publications reviewed, it could be observed that the one with the highest application potential was calcium carbonate or the chitosan, due to their combination of active and improved properties. Besides, nanoclays (caolinite), carbon nanotubes/nanofibres, and nanobiocomposites based on bioplastics like PLA and PHB were in the first ranking positions of the MCDA. Nonetheless the good ranking carbon nanotubes/nanofibres, there are still great uncertainties due to their citotoxicity and the non-desired migration potential to the food product. Another interesting result was that metallic particles like ZnO, TiO2 and Ag were not in the first ranking positions of the MCDA carried out. The potential influence of the presence of nanomaterials in the packaging recycling process as well as their influence on the final recycled material properties were evaluated in the second paper. Combinations of three different film polymers (polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) y polyethilenterephtalate (PET) reinforce with four different nanomaterials (nanoclays, calcium carbonate, zinc dioxide and nano silver) were anaylised. Tested combinations were: PE-nanoclay, PE-CaCO3, PP-Ag, PET-ZnO, PET-Ag, PET-nanoclay. The experimental recycling tests show that smells and degradation fumes appears in the processing of PET reinforced with nanoclay, as well as increasing number of pinholes when this polymer is reinforced with Ag. |
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