Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths

High purity carbon structured devices have been prepared by resorcinol-formaldehyde polycondensation in aqueous medium and alkaline conditions with starch as a binder and various external carbon sources. Polylactic acid (PLA) templates have been used to perform the structures which, after controlled...

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Autores: Delgado Martín, Gabriel, Domínguez Leal, María Isabel, Martínez Tejada, Leidy Marcela, Centeno, Miguel Ángel
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2026
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
Repositorio:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
OAI Identifier:oai:idus.us.es:11441/179756
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/11441/179756
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.113125
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Carbon monoliths
Carbon xerogel
Organic gel
Resorcinol-formaldehyde
Pyrolysis
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spelling Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monolithsDelgado Martín, GabrielDomínguez Leal, María IsabelMartínez Tejada, Leidy MarcelaCenteno, Miguel ÁngelCarbon monolithsCarbon xerogelOrganic gelResorcinol-formaldehydePyrolysisHigh purity carbon structured devices have been prepared by resorcinol-formaldehyde polycondensation in aqueous medium and alkaline conditions with starch as a binder and various external carbon sources. Polylactic acid (PLA) templates have been used to perform the structures which, after controlled and fixed pyrolysis conditions, generate 3D carbon devices with tuneable geometry and properties, as well as mechanical integrity. This study investigates the influence of the nature of the added carbon (activated charcoal, powdered graphite, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, cellulose-derived biocarbon, and synthetic carbon xerogel) on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of the resulting monoliths. The nature and proportion of the added carbon significantly affect crystallinity, porosity, surface area, and compressive strength. The addition of either carbon xerogel or carbon obtained by pyrolysis of cellulose allows obtaining structures with channels with suitable mechanical properties with no volume reduction or structural collapse. The best mechanical properties are obtained using carbon xerogel as additive, as it allows using a higher C/OS weight ratio (1.61), giving an apparent density of 0.79 g/cm3 and compressive strength (σ) of 5.4 MPa. The use of sustainable cellulose-derived carbon as additive results in a monolith with lower mechanical properties (apparent density = 0.46 g/cm3, σ = 1.4 MPa), probably due to the lower C/OS ratio (0.42) but higher mesoporosity (42 vs. 17 %), emerging as the most promising candidate for structured catalytic support applications. The methodology enables the fabrication of high-purity carbon structures with customizable properties suitable for advanced catalytic processes.ElsevierQuímica InorgánicaMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España2026info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/179756https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.113125reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevillainstname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)InglésDiamond and Related Materials, 161, 113125.PID2020-113809RB-C32https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.113125info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:idus.us.es:11441/1797562026-06-17T12:51:07Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths
title Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths
spellingShingle Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths
Delgado Martín, Gabriel
Carbon monoliths
Carbon xerogel
Organic gel
Resorcinol-formaldehyde
Pyrolysis
title_short Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths
title_full Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths
title_fullStr Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths
title_full_unstemmed Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths
title_sort Influence of external carbon sources on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of 3D-structured carbon monoliths
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Delgado Martín, Gabriel
Domínguez Leal, María Isabel
Martínez Tejada, Leidy Marcela
Centeno, Miguel Ángel
author Delgado Martín, Gabriel
author_facet Delgado Martín, Gabriel
Domínguez Leal, María Isabel
Martínez Tejada, Leidy Marcela
Centeno, Miguel Ángel
author_role author
author2 Domínguez Leal, María Isabel
Martínez Tejada, Leidy Marcela
Centeno, Miguel Ángel
author2_role author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Química Inorgánica
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Carbon monoliths
Carbon xerogel
Organic gel
Resorcinol-formaldehyde
Pyrolysis
topic Carbon monoliths
Carbon xerogel
Organic gel
Resorcinol-formaldehyde
Pyrolysis
description High purity carbon structured devices have been prepared by resorcinol-formaldehyde polycondensation in aqueous medium and alkaline conditions with starch as a binder and various external carbon sources. Polylactic acid (PLA) templates have been used to perform the structures which, after controlled and fixed pyrolysis conditions, generate 3D carbon devices with tuneable geometry and properties, as well as mechanical integrity. This study investigates the influence of the nature of the added carbon (activated charcoal, powdered graphite, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, cellulose-derived biocarbon, and synthetic carbon xerogel) on the morpho-structural and mechanical properties of the resulting monoliths. The nature and proportion of the added carbon significantly affect crystallinity, porosity, surface area, and compressive strength. The addition of either carbon xerogel or carbon obtained by pyrolysis of cellulose allows obtaining structures with channels with suitable mechanical properties with no volume reduction or structural collapse. The best mechanical properties are obtained using carbon xerogel as additive, as it allows using a higher C/OS weight ratio (1.61), giving an apparent density of 0.79 g/cm3 and compressive strength (σ) of 5.4 MPa. The use of sustainable cellulose-derived carbon as additive results in a monolith with lower mechanical properties (apparent density = 0.46 g/cm3, σ = 1.4 MPa), probably due to the lower C/OS ratio (0.42) but higher mesoporosity (42 vs. 17 %), emerging as the most promising candidate for structured catalytic support applications. The methodology enables the fabrication of high-purity carbon structures with customizable properties suitable for advanced catalytic processes.
publishDate 2026
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11441/179756
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.113125
url https://hdl.handle.net/11441/179756
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.113125
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Diamond and Related Materials, 161, 113125.
PID2020-113809RB-C32
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2025.113125
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
instname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
instname_str Universidad de Sevilla (US)
reponame_str idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
collection idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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