Riego y fertilización nitrogenada en maíz (zea mays l.): efecto sobre el rendimiento del cultivo y la contaminación subterránea por nitratos
Intensive farming often leads environmental consequences. This is the case of the study area of this thesis: the Empordà, a region with a variety of intensive crops (fruits, cereals, forage,...) and manifest problems of groundwater pollution by nitrates whose origin points also to agricultural pract...
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| Tipo de recurso: | tesis doctoral |
| Estado: | Versión publicada |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2012 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | CBUC, CESCA |
| Repositorio: | TDR. Tesis Doctorales en Red |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:www.tdx.cat:10803/108503 |
| Acceso en línea: | http://hdl.handle.net/10803/108503 https://dx.doi.org/10.5821/dissertation-2117-94753 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | reg per superfície blat de moro fertilització nitrogen lixiviació RAIEOPT SIMRAIE STICS HYDRUS 631/635 |
| Sumario: | Intensive farming often leads environmental consequences. This is the case of the study area of this thesis: the Empordà, a region with a variety of intensive crops (fruits, cereals, forage,...) and manifest problems of groundwater pollution by nitrates whose origin points also to agricultural practices in the area. The work has focusen on monoculture production of corn for grain with furrow irrigation and mineral nitrogen fertilization. Within this framework, objectives has been defined as: (1) to evaluate the influence that irrigation and nitrogen fertilization have on production and environmental impacts (groundwater pollution by nitrates), and (2) to evaluate an implement simulation codes to deepen in knowledge of irrigation and crop management in the area. It has been defined an experimental test of two years on the same plot where five modules -with eight furrows each- of surface irrigation has been set for evaluating performance irrigation. On these modules has been sown corn and defined five different treatments -with three replicates each- resulting from the interaction of three doses of mineral nitrogen fertilizer (0, 210, and 500 kg N/ha) and two types of fertilizer: conventional (with two applications) an low release (with one application). The corn crop management was carried out according to standard practices in the study area. The experimental plot has been intensively monitored and sampled for monitoring and for quantifying all the variables that have influenced the behavior of irrigation and crop response to the treatments done. This information has also been used for to calibrate and/or to validate the RAIEOPT, EVASUP2, SIMRAIE, SIRMOD, HYDRUS, and STICS codes. The conclusions drawn from the results obtained on the irrigation system are: (1) first irrigation behaves very differently from other irrigations of the campaign, (2) the environment conditions where irrigation is developed are variable (furrow cross section, infiltration, soil compactation, and surface roughness) and influence on the behavior of irrigation, (3) the total dose of applied water did not exceed in any case 75% of the theoretical needs of the crop, (4) the simulation codes that best reflect observed irrigation behavior are RAIEOPT for calculating the average infiltration function and SIMRAIE for estimating doses of water infiltrated along the furrow, and (5) in the conditions experienced, the dose profiles of the infiltrated water along the furrows are practically flat. In terms of crop response to experimental scenarios tested is concluded that: (1) treatment with no application of nitrogen fertilizer has a grain yield of about 40% lower than the other treatments, (2) there are no differences in crop yield rates on treatments with some application of mineral fertilizer nitrogen, (3) the nitrogen leaching losses are associated with periods of drainage and are proportional to soil nitrogen content at the beginning of these periods, and (4) there has been no drainage during the two irrigation periods tested. Finally, on the simulation of soil-plant-atmosphere with STICS code is concluded that: (1) STICS is a useful tool for simulating the agricultural system in scenarios with and without crops, and (2) STICS tends to overestimate the risk of nitrate leaching observed in plot. |
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