Constitutive modeling of ultrafine-grained refractory high-entropy alloys obtained by powder metallurgy
(Anglès) Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) prepared by mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering usually outweigh the high-temperature mechanical behavior of as-cast counterpart alloys. Despite that, few studies have been conducted in order to understand their deformation mechanism...
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| Tipo de recurso: | tesis doctoral |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2024 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) |
| Repositorio: | UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC |
| Idioma: | inglés |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/451952 |
| Acceso en línea: | https://hdl.handle.net/2117/451952 https://dx.doi.org/10.5821/dissertation-2117-451952 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | 620 - Assaig de materials. Material comercials. Economia de l'energia Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria dels materials |
| Sumario: | (Anglès) Refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) prepared by mechanical alloying followed by spark plasma sintering usually outweigh the high-temperature mechanical behavior of as-cast counterpart alloys. Despite that, few studies have been conducted in order to understand their deformation mechanisms associated with these alloys and their particular microstructures (ultrafine grain size and considerable presence of secondary phases). The present work reports the synthesis, the microstructural characterization, and the constitutive modeling the AlCrxFeMoNbTiV2 (x = 0.15, 0.4, 0.8) RHEAs prepared by powder metallurgy, aiming to contribute to the comprehension of the deformation mechanisms behind the high-temperature mechanical behavior of RHEAs obtained with this fabrication route, as well as of the composition-microstructure-properties of RHEAs. In order to do so, the study was divided into three parts. In the first one, the effect of composition and milling time over the microstructural and particle evolution of the powder was investigated. In the second part, the effect of Cr content and of a heat treatment over phase formation, microstructure, and grain size was investigated. In the third part, the samples were subjected to compression testing between 950 °C and 1100 °C and between 0.0005 s-1 and 0.01 s-1 to obtain the constitutive equations of the peak stress. Additionally, the microstructure of some of the deformed samples was characterized to find microstructural hints associated with the different potential softening and deformation mechanisms. During the milling study, it was observed that most of the changes occurred during the firsts 50 h, resulting in an average particle size of 7 µm and a nanostructured bcc+hcp microstructure. Except for Mo, none of the constituent elements considerably affected the microstructure or the particle size of the milled powders. The as-sintered samples, fabricated using powder milled for 50 h, successfully presented an ultrafine-grained and multiphase microstructure, constituted by a V,Mo-rich bcc matrix, accompanied by Fe,Nb-rich Laves phases, Al2O3 particles, and Ti,Nb-rich carbides. For reference, a hardness of 1124 HV0.3 was obtained in the as-sintered samples. The average grain size of the matrix phase decreased from 0.40 µm to 0.21 µm with further Cr content; however, the high-temperature mechanical properties were not affected. On the other hand, after the heat treatment, the average grain size increased up to 1.5 µm without affecting the phase equilibrium though. In opposition to the Cr content, the heat treatment enhanced the yield strength in a considerable manner: a specific yield strength of 98 MPa·g-1·cm3 at 1000 °C was obtained in these samples, three times that of the as-sintered sample. Regarding the constitutive modeling, the power law excellently fitted the experimental data, resulting in an exponent of 2.45, indicating that grain boundary sliding governed the high-temperature deformation of the studied alloy, just as it does in ultrafine-grained size traditional alloys. Additionally, an elevated activation energy of 527 kJ·mol-1 was obtained, associated either with a high softening resistance as well as with the considerable presence of secondary phases. In the case of the heat-treated samples, dislocation climbing and glide seemed to govern the deformation (at least at 1000 °C), explaining the enhanced strength, attributed to the hindered grain boundary mobility due to the larger grain size. |
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