IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare

Kouch, Pouya M.; Liodakis, Ioannis; Fenu, Francesco; Zhang, Haocheng; Boula, Stella; Middei, Riccardo; Di Gesu, Laura; Paraschos, Georgios F.; Agudo, Iván; Jorstad, Svetlana G.; Lindfors, Elina; Omodei, Nicola; Oppedisano, Chiara; Papitto, Alessandro; Pavlov, George G.; Peirson, Abel Lawrence; Perri, Matteo; Pesce-Rollins, Melissa; Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier; Pilia, Maura; Possenti, Andrea; Marscher, Alan P.; Poutanen, Juri; Puccetti, Simonetta; Ramsey, Brian D.; Rankin, John; Ratheesh, Ajay; Roberts, Oliver J.; Sgrò, Carmelo; Slane, Patrick; Soffitta, Paolo; Spandre, Gloria; Krawczynski, Henric; Swartz, Douglas A.; Tamagawa, Toru; Tavecchio, Fabrizio; Taverna, Roberto; Tawara, Yuzuru; Tennant, Allyn F.; Thomas, Nicholas E.; Tombesi, Francesco; Trois, Alessio; Tsygankov, Sergey S.; Negro, Michela; Turolla, Roberto; Romani, Roger W.; Vink, Jacco; Weisskopf, Martin C.; Wu, Kinwah; Xie, Fei; Zane, Silvia; Hu, Kun; Kim, Dawoon E.; Cavazzuti, Elisabetta; Errando, Manel; Blinov, Dmitry; Gourni, Anastasia; Kiehlmann, Sebastian; Kourtidis, Angelos; Mandarakas, Nikos; Triantafyllou, Nikolaos; Vervelaki, Anna; Borman, George A.; Kopatskaya, Evgenia N.; Larionova, Elena G.; Morozova, Daria A.; Savchenko, Sergey S.; Vasilyev, Andrey A.; Troitskiy, Ivan S.; Grishina, Tatiana S.; Zhovtan, Alexey V.; Aceituno, Francisco José; Bonnoli, Giacomo; Casanova, Víctor; Escudero, Juan; Agís-González, B.; Husillos, César; Otero-Santos, J.; Piirola, Vilppu; Sota, Alfredo; Myserlis, Ioannis; Gurwell, Mark; Keating, Garrett K.; Rao, Ramprasad; Angelakis, Emmanouil; Kraus, Alexander; Antonelli, Lucio Angelo; Bachetti, Matteo; Baldini, Luca; Baumgartner, Wayne H.; Bellazzini, Ronaldo; Bianchi, Stefano; Bongiorno, Stephen D.; Bonino, Raffaella; Brez, Alessandro; Bucciantini, Niccolò; Capitanio, Fiamma; Castellano, Simone; Chen, Chien-Ting; Ciprini, Stefano; Costa, Enrico; De Rosa, Alessandra; Del Monte, Ettore; Di Lalla, Niccolò; Di Marco, Alessandro; Donnarumma, Immacolata; Doroshenko, Victor; Dovčiak, Michal; Ehlert, Steven R.; Enoto, Teruaki; Evangelista, Yuri; Fabiani, Sergio; Ferrazzoli, Riccardo; Garcia, Javier A.; Gunji, Shuichi; Hayashida, Kiyoshi; Heyl, Jeremy; Iwakiri, Wataru; Kaaret, Philip; Karas, Vladimir; Kislat, Fabian; Kitaguchi, Takao; Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J.; La Monaca, Fabio; Latronico, Luca; Maldera, Simone; Manfreda, Alberto; Marin, Frédéric; Marinucci, Andrea; Marshall, Herman L.; Massaro, Francesco; Matt, Giorgio; Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki; Mizuno, Tsunefumi; Muleri, Fabio; Ng, C.-Y.; O'Dell, Stephen L.

IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare

[EN] The X-ray polarization observations, made possible with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), offer new ways of probing high-energy emission processes in astrophysical jets from blazars. Here, we report the first X-ray polarization observation of the blazar S4 0954+65 in a high optical...

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Autores:	Kouch, Pouya M., Liodakis, Ioannis, Fenu, Francesco, Zhang, Haocheng, Boula, Stella, Middei, Riccardo, Di Gesu, Laura, Paraschos, Georgios F., Agudo, Iván, Jorstad, Svetlana G., Lindfors, Elina, Omodei, Nicola, Oppedisano, Chiara, Papitto, Alessandro, Pavlov, George G., Peirson, Abel Lawrence, Perri, Matteo, Pesce-Rollins, Melissa, Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier, Pilia, Maura, Possenti, Andrea, Marscher, Alan P., Poutanen, Juri, Puccetti, Simonetta, Ramsey, Brian D., Rankin, John, Ratheesh, Ajay, Roberts, Oliver J., Sgrò, Carmelo, Slane, Patrick, Soffitta, Paolo, Spandre, Gloria, Krawczynski, Henric, Swartz, Douglas A., Tamagawa, Toru, Tavecchio, Fabrizio, Taverna, Roberto, Tawara, Yuzuru, Tennant, Allyn F., Thomas, Nicholas E., Tombesi, Francesco, Trois, Alessio, Tsygankov, Sergey S., Negro, Michela, Turolla, Roberto, Romani, Roger W., Vink, Jacco, Weisskopf, Martin C., Wu, Kinwah, Xie, Fei, Zane, Silvia, Hu, Kun, Kim, Dawoon E., Cavazzuti, Elisabetta, Errando, Manel, Blinov, Dmitry, Gourni, Anastasia, Kiehlmann, Sebastian, Kourtidis, Angelos, Mandarakas, Nikos, Triantafyllou, Nikolaos, Vervelaki, Anna, Borman, George A., Kopatskaya, Evgenia N., Larionova, Elena G., Morozova, Daria A., Savchenko, Sergey S., Vasilyev, Andrey A., Troitskiy, Ivan S., Grishina, Tatiana S., Zhovtan, Alexey V., Aceituno, Francisco José, Bonnoli, Giacomo, Casanova, Víctor, Escudero, Juan, Agís-González, B., Husillos, César, Otero-Santos, J., Piirola, Vilppu, Sota, Alfredo, Myserlis, Ioannis, Gurwell, Mark, Keating, Garrett K., Rao, Ramprasad, Angelakis, Emmanouil, Kraus, Alexander, Antonelli, Lucio Angelo, Bachetti, Matteo, Baldini, Luca, Baumgartner, Wayne H., Bellazzini, Ronaldo, Bianchi, Stefano, Bongiorno, Stephen D., Bonino, Raffaella, Brez, Alessandro, Bucciantini, Niccolò, Capitanio, Fiamma, Castellano, Simone, Chen, Chien-Ting, Ciprini, Stefano, Costa, Enrico, De Rosa, Alessandra, Del Monte, Ettore, Di Lalla, Niccolò, Di Marco, Alessandro, Donnarumma, Immacolata, Doroshenko, Victor, Dovčiak, Michal, Ehlert, Steven R., Enoto, Teruaki, Evangelista, Yuri, Fabiani, Sergio, Ferrazzoli, Riccardo, Garcia, Javier A., Gunji, Shuichi, Hayashida, Kiyoshi, Heyl, Jeremy, Iwakiri, Wataru, Kaaret, Philip, Karas, Vladimir, Kislat, Fabian, Kitaguchi, Takao, Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J., La Monaca, Fabio, Latronico, Luca, Maldera, Simone, Manfreda, Alberto, Marin, Frédéric, Marinucci, Andrea, Marshall, Herman L., Massaro, Francesco, Matt, Giorgio, Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki, Mizuno, Tsunefumi, Muleri, Fabio, Ng, C.-Y., O'Dell, Stephen L.
Formato:	artículo
Estado:	Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:	2025
País:	España
Recursos:	Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:	DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:	oai:digital.csic.es:10261/398895
Acesso em linha:	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/398895 http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.16868v2
Access Level:	acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:	Astro-ph.HE BL Lacertae objects: individual: S4 0954+65 Galaxies: jets Magnetic fields Polarization Relativistic processes

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oai_identifier_str	oai:digital.csic.es:10261/398895
network_acronym_str	ES
network_name_str	España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare
title	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare
spellingShingle	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare Kouch, Pouya M. Astro-ph.HE BL Lacertae objects: individual: S4 0954+65 Galaxies: jets Magnetic fields Polarization Relativistic processes
title_short	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare
title_full	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare
title_fullStr	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare
title_full_unstemmed	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare
title_sort	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv	Kouch, Pouya M. Liodakis, Ioannis Fenu, Francesco Zhang, Haocheng Boula, Stella Middei, Riccardo Di Gesu, Laura Paraschos, Georgios F. Agudo, Iván Jorstad, Svetlana G. Lindfors, Elina Omodei, Nicola Oppedisano, Chiara Papitto, Alessandro Pavlov, George G. Peirson, Abel Lawrence Perri, Matteo Pesce-Rollins, Melissa Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier Pilia, Maura Possenti, Andrea Marscher, Alan P. Poutanen, Juri Puccetti, Simonetta Ramsey, Brian D. Rankin, John Ratheesh, Ajay Roberts, Oliver J. Sgrò, Carmelo Slane, Patrick Soffitta, Paolo Spandre, Gloria Krawczynski, Henric Swartz, Douglas A. Tamagawa, Toru Tavecchio, Fabrizio Taverna, Roberto Tawara, Yuzuru Tennant, Allyn F. Thomas, Nicholas E. Tombesi, Francesco Trois, Alessio Tsygankov, Sergey S. Negro, Michela Turolla, Roberto Romani, Roger W. Vink, Jacco Weisskopf, Martin C. Wu, Kinwah Xie, Fei Zane, Silvia Hu, Kun Kim, Dawoon E. Cavazzuti, Elisabetta Errando, Manel Blinov, Dmitry Gourni, Anastasia Kiehlmann, Sebastian Kourtidis, Angelos Mandarakas, Nikos Triantafyllou, Nikolaos Vervelaki, Anna Borman, George A. Kopatskaya, Evgenia N. Larionova, Elena G. Morozova, Daria A. Savchenko, Sergey S. Vasilyev, Andrey A. Troitskiy, Ivan S. Grishina, Tatiana S. Zhovtan, Alexey V. Aceituno, Francisco José Bonnoli, Giacomo Casanova, Víctor Escudero, Juan Agís-González, B. Husillos, César Otero-Santos, J. Piirola, Vilppu Sota, Alfredo Myserlis, Ioannis Gurwell, Mark Keating, Garrett K. Rao, Ramprasad Angelakis, Emmanouil Kraus, Alexander Antonelli, Lucio Angelo Bachetti, Matteo Baldini, Luca Baumgartner, Wayne H. Bellazzini, Ronaldo Bianchi, Stefano Bongiorno, Stephen D. Bonino, Raffaella Brez, Alessandro Bucciantini, Niccolò Capitanio, Fiamma Castellano, Simone Chen, Chien-Ting Ciprini, Stefano Costa, Enrico De Rosa, Alessandra Del Monte, Ettore Di Lalla, Niccolò Di Marco, Alessandro Donnarumma, Immacolata Doroshenko, Victor Dovčiak, Michal Ehlert, Steven R. Enoto, Teruaki Evangelista, Yuri Fabiani, Sergio Ferrazzoli, Riccardo Garcia, Javier A. Gunji, Shuichi Hayashida, Kiyoshi Heyl, Jeremy Iwakiri, Wataru Kaaret, Philip Karas, Vladimir Kislat, Fabian Kitaguchi, Takao Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J. La Monaca, Fabio Latronico, Luca Maldera, Simone Manfreda, Alberto Marin, Frédéric Marinucci, Andrea Marshall, Herman L. Massaro, Francesco Matt, Giorgio Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Mizuno, Tsunefumi Muleri, Fabio Ng, C.-Y. O'Dell, Stephen L.
author	Kouch, Pouya M.
author_facet	Kouch, Pouya M. Liodakis, Ioannis Fenu, Francesco Zhang, Haocheng Boula, Stella Middei, Riccardo Di Gesu, Laura Paraschos, Georgios F. Agudo, Iván Jorstad, Svetlana G. Lindfors, Elina Omodei, Nicola Oppedisano, Chiara Papitto, Alessandro Pavlov, George G. Peirson, Abel Lawrence Perri, Matteo Pesce-Rollins, Melissa Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier Pilia, Maura Possenti, Andrea Marscher, Alan P. Poutanen, Juri Puccetti, Simonetta Ramsey, Brian D. Rankin, John Ratheesh, Ajay Roberts, Oliver J. Sgrò, Carmelo Slane, Patrick Soffitta, Paolo Spandre, Gloria Krawczynski, Henric Swartz, Douglas A. Tamagawa, Toru Tavecchio, Fabrizio Taverna, Roberto Tawara, Yuzuru Tennant, Allyn F. Thomas, Nicholas E. Tombesi, Francesco Trois, Alessio Tsygankov, Sergey S. Negro, Michela Turolla, Roberto Romani, Roger W. Vink, Jacco Weisskopf, Martin C. Wu, Kinwah Xie, Fei Zane, Silvia Hu, Kun Kim, Dawoon E. Cavazzuti, Elisabetta Errando, Manel Blinov, Dmitry Gourni, Anastasia Kiehlmann, Sebastian Kourtidis, Angelos Mandarakas, Nikos Triantafyllou, Nikolaos Vervelaki, Anna Borman, George A. Kopatskaya, Evgenia N. Larionova, Elena G. Morozova, Daria A. Savchenko, Sergey S. Vasilyev, Andrey A. Troitskiy, Ivan S. Grishina, Tatiana S. Zhovtan, Alexey V. Aceituno, Francisco José Bonnoli, Giacomo Casanova, Víctor Escudero, Juan Agís-González, B. Husillos, César Otero-Santos, J. Piirola, Vilppu Sota, Alfredo Myserlis, Ioannis Gurwell, Mark Keating, Garrett K. Rao, Ramprasad Angelakis, Emmanouil Kraus, Alexander Antonelli, Lucio Angelo Bachetti, Matteo Baldini, Luca Baumgartner, Wayne H. Bellazzini, Ronaldo Bianchi, Stefano Bongiorno, Stephen D. Bonino, Raffaella Brez, Alessandro Bucciantini, Niccolò Capitanio, Fiamma Castellano, Simone Chen, Chien-Ting Ciprini, Stefano Costa, Enrico De Rosa, Alessandra Del Monte, Ettore Di Lalla, Niccolò Di Marco, Alessandro Donnarumma, Immacolata Doroshenko, Victor Dovčiak, Michal Ehlert, Steven R. Enoto, Teruaki Evangelista, Yuri Fabiani, Sergio Ferrazzoli, Riccardo Garcia, Javier A. Gunji, Shuichi Hayashida, Kiyoshi Heyl, Jeremy Iwakiri, Wataru Kaaret, Philip Karas, Vladimir Kislat, Fabian Kitaguchi, Takao Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J. La Monaca, Fabio Latronico, Luca Maldera, Simone Manfreda, Alberto Marin, Frédéric Marinucci, Andrea Marshall, Herman L. Massaro, Francesco Matt, Giorgio Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Mizuno, Tsunefumi Muleri, Fabio Ng, C.-Y. O'Dell, Stephen L.
author_role	author
author2	Liodakis, Ioannis Fenu, Francesco Zhang, Haocheng Boula, Stella Middei, Riccardo Di Gesu, Laura Paraschos, Georgios F. Agudo, Iván Jorstad, Svetlana G. Lindfors, Elina Omodei, Nicola Oppedisano, Chiara Papitto, Alessandro Pavlov, George G. Peirson, Abel Lawrence Perri, Matteo Pesce-Rollins, Melissa Petrucci, Pierre-Olivier Pilia, Maura Possenti, Andrea Marscher, Alan P. Poutanen, Juri Puccetti, Simonetta Ramsey, Brian D. Rankin, John Ratheesh, Ajay Roberts, Oliver J. Sgrò, Carmelo Slane, Patrick Soffitta, Paolo Spandre, Gloria Krawczynski, Henric Swartz, Douglas A. Tamagawa, Toru Tavecchio, Fabrizio Taverna, Roberto Tawara, Yuzuru Tennant, Allyn F. Thomas, Nicholas E. Tombesi, Francesco Trois, Alessio Tsygankov, Sergey S. Negro, Michela Turolla, Roberto Romani, Roger W. Vink, Jacco Weisskopf, Martin C. Wu, Kinwah Xie, Fei Zane, Silvia Hu, Kun Kim, Dawoon E. Cavazzuti, Elisabetta Errando, Manel Blinov, Dmitry Gourni, Anastasia Kiehlmann, Sebastian Kourtidis, Angelos Mandarakas, Nikos Triantafyllou, Nikolaos Vervelaki, Anna Borman, George A. Kopatskaya, Evgenia N. Larionova, Elena G. Morozova, Daria A. Savchenko, Sergey S. Vasilyev, Andrey A. Troitskiy, Ivan S. Grishina, Tatiana S. Zhovtan, Alexey V. Aceituno, Francisco José Bonnoli, Giacomo Casanova, Víctor Escudero, Juan Agís-González, B. Husillos, César Otero-Santos, J. Piirola, Vilppu Sota, Alfredo Myserlis, Ioannis Gurwell, Mark Keating, Garrett K. Rao, Ramprasad Angelakis, Emmanouil Kraus, Alexander Antonelli, Lucio Angelo Bachetti, Matteo Baldini, Luca Baumgartner, Wayne H. Bellazzini, Ronaldo Bianchi, Stefano Bongiorno, Stephen D. Bonino, Raffaella Brez, Alessandro Bucciantini, Niccolò Capitanio, Fiamma Castellano, Simone Chen, Chien-Ting Ciprini, Stefano Costa, Enrico De Rosa, Alessandra Del Monte, Ettore Di Lalla, Niccolò Di Marco, Alessandro Donnarumma, Immacolata Doroshenko, Victor Dovčiak, Michal Ehlert, Steven R. Enoto, Teruaki Evangelista, Yuri Fabiani, Sergio Ferrazzoli, Riccardo Garcia, Javier A. Gunji, Shuichi Hayashida, Kiyoshi Heyl, Jeremy Iwakiri, Wataru Kaaret, Philip Karas, Vladimir Kislat, Fabian Kitaguchi, Takao Kolodziejczak, Jeffery J. La Monaca, Fabio Latronico, Luca Maldera, Simone Manfreda, Alberto Marin, Frédéric Marinucci, Andrea Marshall, Herman L. Massaro, Francesco Matt, Giorgio Mitsuishi, Ikuyuki Mizuno, Tsunefumi Muleri, Fabio Ng, C.-Y. O'Dell, Stephen L.
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv	NASA Agenzia Spaziale Italiana Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España) Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España) Smithsonian Institution Academia Sinica (Taiwan) Academy of Finland European Research Council National Science Foundation (US) European Commission National Research Foundation of Korea Korea Research Environment Open NETwork Japan Science and Technology Agency Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan) Bulgarian National Science Fund Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK) Heising Simons Foundation Kouch, Pouya M. [0000-0002-9328-2750] Husillos, César [0000-0001-8286-5443] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv	Astro-ph.HE BL Lacertae objects: individual: S4 0954+65 Galaxies: jets Magnetic fields Polarization Relativistic processes
topic	Astro-ph.HE BL Lacertae objects: individual: S4 0954+65 Galaxies: jets Magnetic fields Polarization Relativistic processes
description	[EN] The X-ray polarization observations, made possible with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), offer new ways of probing high-energy emission processes in astrophysical jets from blazars. Here, we report the first X-ray polarization observation of the blazar S4 0954+65 in a high optical and X-ray state. During our multi-wavelength (MWL) campaign of the source, we detected an optical flare whose peak coincided with the peak of an X-ray flare. This optical-X-ray flare most likely took place in a feature moving along the parsec-scale jet, imaged at 43 GHz by the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The 43 GHz polarization angle of the moving component underwent a rotation near the time of the flare. In the optical band, prior to the IXPE observation, we measured the polarization angle to be aligned with the jet axis. In contrast, during the optical flare, the optical polarization angle was perpendicular to the jet axis; after the flare, it reverted to being parallel to the jet axis. Due to the smooth behavior of the optical polarization angle during the flare, we favor shocks as the main acceleration mechanism. We also infer that the ambient magnetic field lines in the jet were parallel to the jet position angle. The average degree of optical polarization during the IXPE observation was (14.3 ± 4.1)%. Despite the flare, we only detected an upper limit of 14% (at 3σ level) on the X-ray polarization degree; however, a reasonable assumption on the X-ray polarization angle results in an upper limit of 8.8% (3σ). We modeled the spectral energy distribution (SED) and spectral polarization distribution (SPD) of S4 0954+65 with leptonic (synchrotron self-Compton) and hadronic (proton and pair synchrotron) models. Our combined MWL polarization observations and SED modeling tentatively disfavor the use of hadronic models for the X-ray emission in S4 0954+65.
publishDate	2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv	2025 2025 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 Publisher's version info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format	article
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/398895 http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.16868v2
url	http://hdl.handle.net/10261/398895 http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.16868v2
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv	Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv	Inglés
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	EDP Sciences
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	EDP Sciences
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spelling	IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray FlareKouch, Pouya M.Liodakis, IoannisFenu, FrancescoZhang, HaochengBoula, StellaMiddei, RiccardoDi Gesu, LauraParaschos, Georgios F.Agudo, IvánJorstad, Svetlana G.Lindfors, ElinaOmodei, NicolaOppedisano, ChiaraPapitto, AlessandroPavlov, George G.Peirson, Abel LawrencePerri, MatteoPesce-Rollins, MelissaPetrucci, Pierre-OlivierPilia, MauraPossenti, AndreaMarscher, Alan P.Poutanen, JuriPuccetti, SimonettaRamsey, Brian D.Rankin, JohnRatheesh, AjayRoberts, Oliver J.Sgrò, CarmeloSlane, PatrickSoffitta, PaoloSpandre, GloriaKrawczynski, HenricSwartz, Douglas A.Tamagawa, ToruTavecchio, FabrizioTaverna, RobertoTawara, YuzuruTennant, Allyn F.Thomas, Nicholas E.Tombesi, FrancescoTrois, AlessioTsygankov, Sergey S.Negro, MichelaTurolla, RobertoRomani, Roger W.Vink, JaccoWeisskopf, Martin C.Wu, KinwahXie, FeiZane, SilviaHu, KunKim, Dawoon E.Cavazzuti, ElisabettaErrando, ManelBlinov, DmitryGourni, AnastasiaKiehlmann, SebastianKourtidis, AngelosMandarakas, NikosTriantafyllou, NikolaosVervelaki, AnnaBorman, George A.Kopatskaya, Evgenia N.Larionova, Elena G.Morozova, Daria A.Savchenko, Sergey S.Vasilyev, Andrey A.Troitskiy, Ivan S.Grishina, Tatiana S.Zhovtan, Alexey V.Aceituno, Francisco JoséBonnoli, GiacomoCasanova, VíctorEscudero, JuanAgís-González, B.Husillos, CésarOtero-Santos, J.Piirola, VilppuSota, AlfredoMyserlis, IoannisGurwell, MarkKeating, Garrett K.Rao, RamprasadAngelakis, EmmanouilKraus, AlexanderAntonelli, Lucio AngeloBachetti, MatteoBaldini, LucaBaumgartner, Wayne H.Bellazzini, RonaldoBianchi, StefanoBongiorno, Stephen D.Bonino, RaffaellaBrez, AlessandroBucciantini, NiccolòCapitanio, FiammaCastellano, SimoneChen, Chien-TingCiprini, StefanoCosta, EnricoDe Rosa, AlessandraDel Monte, EttoreDi Lalla, NiccolòDi Marco, AlessandroDonnarumma, ImmacolataDoroshenko, VictorDovčiak, MichalEhlert, Steven R.Enoto, TeruakiEvangelista, YuriFabiani, SergioFerrazzoli, RiccardoGarcia, Javier A.Gunji, ShuichiHayashida, KiyoshiHeyl, JeremyIwakiri, WataruKaaret, PhilipKaras, VladimirKislat, FabianKitaguchi, TakaoKolodziejczak, Jeffery J.La Monaca, FabioLatronico, LucaMaldera, SimoneManfreda, AlbertoMarin, FrédéricMarinucci, AndreaMarshall, Herman L.Massaro, FrancescoMatt, GiorgioMitsuishi, IkuyukiMizuno, TsunefumiMuleri, FabioNg, C.-Y.O'Dell, Stephen L.Astro-ph.HEBL Lacertae objects: individual: S4 0954+65Galaxies: jetsMagnetic fieldsPolarizationRelativistic processes[EN] The X-ray polarization observations, made possible with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), offer new ways of probing high-energy emission processes in astrophysical jets from blazars. Here, we report the first X-ray polarization observation of the blazar S4 0954+65 in a high optical and X-ray state. During our multi-wavelength (MWL) campaign of the source, we detected an optical flare whose peak coincided with the peak of an X-ray flare. This optical-X-ray flare most likely took place in a feature moving along the parsec-scale jet, imaged at 43 GHz by the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The 43 GHz polarization angle of the moving component underwent a rotation near the time of the flare. In the optical band, prior to the IXPE observation, we measured the polarization angle to be aligned with the jet axis. In contrast, during the optical flare, the optical polarization angle was perpendicular to the jet axis; after the flare, it reverted to being parallel to the jet axis. Due to the smooth behavior of the optical polarization angle during the flare, we favor shocks as the main acceleration mechanism. We also infer that the ambient magnetic field lines in the jet were parallel to the jet position angle. The average degree of optical polarization during the IXPE observation was (14.3 ± 4.1)%. Despite the flare, we only detected an upper limit of 14% (at 3σ level) on the X-ray polarization degree; however, a reasonable assumption on the X-ray polarization angle results in an upper limit of 8.8% (3σ). We modeled the spectral energy distribution (SED) and spectral polarization distribution (SPD) of S4 0954+65 with leptonic (synchrotron self-Compton) and hadronic (proton and pair synchrotron) models. Our combined MWL polarization observations and SED modeling tentatively disfavor the use of hadronic models for the X-ray emission in S4 0954+65.The US contribution is supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and led and managed by its Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), with industry partner Ball Aerospace (now, BAE Systems). The Italian contribution is supported by the Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, ASI) through contract ASI-OHBI-2022-13-I.0, agreements ASI-INAF-2022-19-HH.0 and ASI-INFN-2017.13-H0, and its Space Science Data Center (SSDC) with agreements ASI-INAF-2022-14-HH.0 and ASI-INFN 2021-43-HH.0, and by the Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) in Italy. This research used data products provided by the IXPE Team (MSFC, SSDC, INAF, and INFN) and distributed with additional software tools by the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC), at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). This work has been partially supported by the ASI-INAF program I/004/11/4. The IAA-CSIC co-authors acknowledge financial support from the Spanish “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) through the Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa award for the Instituto de Astrofíisica de Andalucía-CSIC (CEX2021-001131-S), and through grants PID2019-107847RB-C44 and PID2022-139117NB-C44. The Submillimeter Array is a joint project between the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics and is funded by the Smithsonian Institution and the Academia Sinica. Maunakea, the location of the SMA, is a culturally important site for the indigenous Hawai’ian people; we are privileged to study the cosmos from its summit. E.L. was supported by Academy of Finland projects 317636 and 320045. D.B. acknowledges support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon ERC Grants 2021 programme under the grant agreement No. 101040021. The research at Boston University was supported in part by National Science Foundation grant AST-2108622, NASA Fermi Guest Investigator grants 80NSSC23K1507 and 80NSSC23K1508, and NASA Swift Guest Investigator grant 80NSSC23K1145. The Perkins Telescope Observatory, located in Flagstaff, AZ, USA, is owned and operated by Boston University. IL and SK were funded by the European Union ERC-2022-STG – BOOTES – 101076343. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Research Council Executive Agency. Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. Some of the data are based on observations collected at the Centro Astronómico Hispano en Andalucía (CAHA), operated jointly by Junta de Andalucía and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IAA-CSIC). This work was supported by NSF grant AST-2109127. We acknowledge the use of public data from the Swift data archive. Based on observations obtained with XMM-Newton, an ESA science mission with instruments and contributions directly funded by ESA Member States and NASA. Partly based on observations with the 100-m telescope of the MPIfR (Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie) at Effelsberg. Observations with the 100-m radio telescope at Effelsberg have received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101004719 (ORP). I.L. was supported by the NASA Postdoctoral Program at the Marshall Space Flight Center, administered by Oak Ridge Associated Universities under contract with NASA. HZ is supported by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. HZ’s work is supported by Fermi GI program cycle 16 under the award number 22-FERMI22-0015. G.F.P. acknowledges support by the European Research Council advanced grant “M2FINDERS – Mapping Magnetic Fields with INterferometry Down to Event hoRizon Scales” (Grant No. 101018682). S. Kang, S.-S. Lee, W. Y. Cheong, S.-H. Kim, and H.-W. Jeong were supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MIST) (2020R1A2C2009003). The KVN is a facility operated by the Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute. The KVN operations are supported by KREONET (Korea Research Environment Open NETwork) which is managed and operated by KISTI (Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information). This work was supported by JST, the establishment of university fellowships towards the creation of science technology innovation, Grant Number JPMJFS2129. This work was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP21H01137. This work was also partially supported by Optical and Near-Infrared Astronomy Inter-University Cooperation Program from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) of Japan. We are grateful to the observation and operating members of Kanata Telescope. Data from the Steward Observatory spectropolarimetric monitoring project were used. This program is supported by Fermi Guest Investigator grants NNX08AW56G, NNX09AU10G, NNX12AO93G, and NNX15AU81G. This research was partially supported by the Bulgarian National Science Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science under grants KP-06-H38/4 (2019) and KP-06-PN-68/1 (2022). The Liverpool Telescope is operated on the island of La Palma by Liverpool John Moores University in the Spanish Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos of the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias with financial support from the UKRI Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) (ST/T00147X/1). This study makes use of VLBA data from the VLBA-BU Blazar Monitoring Program (BEAM-ME and VLBA-BU-BLAZAR; http://www.bu.edu/blazars/BEAM-ME.html), funded by NASA through the Fermi Guest Investigator Program. The VLBA is an instrument of the National Radio Astronomy Observatory. The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is a facility of the National Science Foundation operated by Associated Universities, Inc. Based on observations obtained with the Samuel Oschin Telescope 48-inch and the 60-inch Telescope at the Palomar Observatory as part of the Zwicky Transient Facility project. ZTF is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. AST-2034437 and a collaboration including Caltech, IPAC, the Weizmann Institute for Science, the Oskar Klein Center at Stockholm University, the University of Maryland, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron and Humboldt University, the TANGO Consortium of Taiwan, the University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Trinity College Dublin, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, and IN2P3, France. Operations are conducted by COO, IPAC, and UW. The ZTF forced-photometry service was funded under the Heising-Simons Foundation grant #12540303 (PI: M.J.Graham). This work has made use of data from the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project. The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) project is primarily funded to search for near earth asteroids through NASA grants NN12AR55G, 80NSSC18K0284, and 80NSSC18K1575; byproducts of the NEO search include images and catalogs from the survey area. This work was partially funded by Kepler/K2 grant J1944/80NSSC19K0112 and HST GO-15889, and STFC grants ST/T000198/1 and ST/S006109/1. The ATLAS science products have been made possible through the contributions of the University of Hawai’i Institute for Astronomy, the Queen’s University Belfast, the Space Telescope Science Institute, the South African Astronomical Observatory, and The Millennium Institute of Astrophysics (MAS), Chile.With funding from the Spanish government through the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2021-001131-S).Peer reviewedEDP SciencesNASAAgenzia Spaziale ItalianaIstituto Nazionale di AstrofisicaIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Smithsonian InstitutionAcademia Sinica (Taiwan)Academy of FinlandEuropean Research CouncilNational Science Foundation (US)European CommissionNational Research Foundation of KoreaKorea Research Environment Open NETworkJapan Science and Technology AgencyJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)Bulgarian National Science FundScience and Technology Facilities Council (UK)Heising Simons FoundationKouch, Pouya M. [0000-0002-9328-2750]Husillos, César [0000-0001-8286-5443]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/398895http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.16868v2reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/PID2019-107847RB-C44info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/PID2022-139117NB-C44info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2021-2023/CEX2021-001131-Sinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HE/101040021info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HE/101076343info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/101004719info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/HE/101018682https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202453127Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3988952026-05-22T06:33:51Z
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IXPE Observation of the Low-Synchrotron Peaked Blazar S4 0954+65 During An Optical-X-ray Flare

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