Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens

The development of mineral, biodegradable sunscreens that can offer both high photoprotection and long-term colloidal stability, while limiting synthetic additives, presents a significant challenge. A linseed oil nanoemulsion co-stabilised by ZnO nanoparticles and the eco-friendly surfactant Appycle...

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Autores: Barquero, Marina, Trujillo-Cayado, Luis Alfonso, Santos García, Jenifer
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
Repositorio:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
OAI Identifier:oai:idus.us.es:11441/181989
Acceso en línea:https://hdl.handle.net/11441/181989
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133030
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Aerosil
Appyclean
Linseed oil
Nanoemulsion
Pickering
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spelling Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral SunscreensBarquero, MarinaTrujillo-Cayado, Luis AlfonsoSantos García, JeniferAerosilAppycleanLinseed oilNanoemulsionPickeringThe development of mineral, biodegradable sunscreens that can offer both high photoprotection and long-term colloidal stability, while limiting synthetic additives, presents a significant challenge. A linseed oil nanoemulsion co-stabilised by ZnO nanoparticles and the eco-friendly surfactant Appyclean 6552 was formulated, and the effect of incorporating fumed silica/alumina (Aerosil COK 84) was evaluated. A central composite response surface design was used to ascertain the oil/ZnO ratio that maximised the in vitro sun protection factor at sub-300 nm droplet size. The incorporation of Aerosil at concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 wt.% resulted in a transformation of the dispersion from a nearly Newtonian state to a weak-gel behaviour. This alteration was accompanied by a reduction in the Turbiscan Stability Index. Microscopic analysis has revealed a hierarchical particle architecture, in which ZnO forms Pickering shells around each droplet, while Aerosil aggregates bridge neighboring interfaces, creating a percolated silica scaffold that immobilises droplets and amplifies multiple UV scattering. The findings demonstrate that coupling interfacial Pickering armour with a continuous silica network yields a greener, physically robust mineral sunscreen and offers a transferable strategy for stabilising plant-oil emulsions containing inorganic actives.MDPIIngeniería QuímicaTEP943: Reología Aplicada. Tecnología de Coloides2025info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/11441/181989https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133030reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevillainstname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)InglésMaterials, 18 (13), 3030.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/13/3030info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:idus.us.es:11441/1819892026-06-17T12:51:07Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens
title Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens
spellingShingle Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens
Barquero, Marina
Aerosil
Appyclean
Linseed oil
Nanoemulsion
Pickering
title_short Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens
title_full Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens
title_fullStr Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens
title_full_unstemmed Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens
title_sort Dual-Particle Synergy in Bio-Based Linseed Oil Pickering Emulsions: Optimising ZnO–Silica Networks for Greener Mineral Sunscreens
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Barquero, Marina
Trujillo-Cayado, Luis Alfonso
Santos García, Jenifer
author Barquero, Marina
author_facet Barquero, Marina
Trujillo-Cayado, Luis Alfonso
Santos García, Jenifer
author_role author
author2 Trujillo-Cayado, Luis Alfonso
Santos García, Jenifer
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Ingeniería Química
TEP943: Reología Aplicada. Tecnología de Coloides
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Aerosil
Appyclean
Linseed oil
Nanoemulsion
Pickering
topic Aerosil
Appyclean
Linseed oil
Nanoemulsion
Pickering
description The development of mineral, biodegradable sunscreens that can offer both high photoprotection and long-term colloidal stability, while limiting synthetic additives, presents a significant challenge. A linseed oil nanoemulsion co-stabilised by ZnO nanoparticles and the eco-friendly surfactant Appyclean 6552 was formulated, and the effect of incorporating fumed silica/alumina (Aerosil COK 84) was evaluated. A central composite response surface design was used to ascertain the oil/ZnO ratio that maximised the in vitro sun protection factor at sub-300 nm droplet size. The incorporation of Aerosil at concentrations ranging from 0 to 2 wt.% resulted in a transformation of the dispersion from a nearly Newtonian state to a weak-gel behaviour. This alteration was accompanied by a reduction in the Turbiscan Stability Index. Microscopic analysis has revealed a hierarchical particle architecture, in which ZnO forms Pickering shells around each droplet, while Aerosil aggregates bridge neighboring interfaces, creating a percolated silica scaffold that immobilises droplets and amplifies multiple UV scattering. The findings demonstrate that coupling interfacial Pickering armour with a continuous silica network yields a greener, physically robust mineral sunscreen and offers a transferable strategy for stabilising plant-oil emulsions containing inorganic actives.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/11441/181989
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133030
url https://hdl.handle.net/11441/181989
https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133030
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Materials, 18 (13), 3030.
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/18/13/3030
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
publisher.none.fl_str_mv MDPI
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
instname:Universidad de Sevilla (US)
instname_str Universidad de Sevilla (US)
reponame_str idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
collection idUS. Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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