Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service
This paper analyzes the new operations induced by the energy range limitation in battery electric bus (BEB) systems to ensure the service provision along the whole day. An operating model has been developed to estimate the number of resources to be deployed (extra vehicles and charging facilities) f...
| Autores: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Formato: | artículo |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2022 |
| País: | España |
| Recursos: | Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) |
| Repositorio: | UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC |
| Idioma: | inglés |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/367612 |
| Acesso em linha: | https://hdl.handle.net/2117/367612 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103609 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palavra-chave: | Buses, Electric--Power supply BEB Opportunity charging Overnight charging Battery pack Bus reliability Autobusos elèctrics Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Infraestructures i modelització dels transports::Transport urbà |
| id |
ES_1a7c2a67d1316d8cf6f390f8a0bde7b6 |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/367612 |
| network_acronym_str |
ES |
| network_name_str |
España |
| repository_id_str |
|
| spelling |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the serviceEstrada Romeu, Miguel Ángel|||0000-0002-5114-7796Mension Camps, JosepSalicrú Pagés, Miguel|||0000-0001-9644-5626Badia Rodríguez, Hugo|||0000-0002-6550-7983Buses, Electric--Power supplyBEBOpportunity chargingOvernight chargingBattery packBus reliabilityAutobusos elèctricsÀrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Infraestructures i modelització dels transports::Transport urbàThis paper analyzes the new operations induced by the energy range limitation in battery electric bus (BEB) systems to ensure the service provision along the whole day. An operating model has been developed to estimate the number of resources to be deployed (extra vehicles and charging facilities) for two charging schemes: charging at bus garage facility and opportunity charging at on-street chargers. Firstly, the model calculates the entrance and exit time of buses in service assuming an unlimited battery capacity, caused by demand and headway variations in different time periods along day. Then, based on the previous results, the model estimates the moment when vehicles will run out of energy and proposes a charging schedule as well as new vehicle movements between chargers, bus garage and routes to maintain the targeted headway. Consequently, the model is able to calculate the number of resources needed and the total cost for a given route and battery size, allowing cost and performance comparison to diesel and hybrid powertrains. The estimated results in two bus routes in Barcelona indicate that the purchasing cost of BEB vehicles (670,000 euros/veh for articulated, 500,000Euros/veh for standard vehicles, both depreciated over a lifetime of 15 years), battery packs (231 Euro/kWh purchased, depreciated over a lifetime of 10 years), as well as the investment in chargers, are still high to clearly justify their cost-competitiveness against diesel or hybrid counterparts. Nevertheless, if the acquisition cost of both vehicles and battery pack are only reduced by 9%, the BEB technology may present cost savings for transit agencies. It only happens if the fleet size is as large as the corresponding to diesel and hybrid technologies. Opportunity charging is resulted to be more cost- efficient than charging at bus garage for small battery packs, routes with acceptable time headway adherence and, specially, when fast chargers are located very close to terminal stops. Nevertheless, when the real bus route design and operation do not fulfill these standards, charging scheme at bus garage is preferable.This research was partly developed within the ZeEUS project framework. ZeEUS was co-funded by the European Commission under the 7th Research and Technological Development Framework Programme (FP7), Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport under grant agreement n°605485.Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::13 - Acció per al ClimaObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::11 - Ciutats i Comunitats SosteniblesObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No Contaminant20222022-05-0120222022-05-23journal articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501AMhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aainfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2117/367612https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103609reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPCinstname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC)InglésengEuropean Commission http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011102 Seventh Framework Programme 605485 Zero Emission bUs Systemsopen accesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:upcommons.upc.edu:2117/3676122026-05-27T15:37:01Z |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service |
| title |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service |
| spellingShingle |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service Estrada Romeu, Miguel Ángel|||0000-0002-5114-7796 Buses, Electric--Power supply BEB Opportunity charging Overnight charging Battery pack Bus reliability Autobusos elèctrics Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Infraestructures i modelització dels transports::Transport urbà |
| title_short |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service |
| title_full |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service |
| title_fullStr |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service |
| title_sort |
Charging operations in battery electric bus systems considering fleet size variability along the service |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Estrada Romeu, Miguel Ángel|||0000-0002-5114-7796 Mension Camps, Josep Salicrú Pagés, Miguel|||0000-0001-9644-5626 Badia Rodríguez, Hugo|||0000-0002-6550-7983 |
| author |
Estrada Romeu, Miguel Ángel|||0000-0002-5114-7796 |
| author_facet |
Estrada Romeu, Miguel Ángel|||0000-0002-5114-7796 Mension Camps, Josep Salicrú Pagés, Miguel|||0000-0001-9644-5626 Badia Rodríguez, Hugo|||0000-0002-6550-7983 |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Mension Camps, Josep Salicrú Pagés, Miguel|||0000-0001-9644-5626 Badia Rodríguez, Hugo|||0000-0002-6550-7983 |
| author2_role |
author author author |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Buses, Electric--Power supply BEB Opportunity charging Overnight charging Battery pack Bus reliability Autobusos elèctrics Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Infraestructures i modelització dels transports::Transport urbà |
| topic |
Buses, Electric--Power supply BEB Opportunity charging Overnight charging Battery pack Bus reliability Autobusos elèctrics Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil::Infraestructures i modelització dels transports::Transport urbà |
| description |
This paper analyzes the new operations induced by the energy range limitation in battery electric bus (BEB) systems to ensure the service provision along the whole day. An operating model has been developed to estimate the number of resources to be deployed (extra vehicles and charging facilities) for two charging schemes: charging at bus garage facility and opportunity charging at on-street chargers. Firstly, the model calculates the entrance and exit time of buses in service assuming an unlimited battery capacity, caused by demand and headway variations in different time periods along day. Then, based on the previous results, the model estimates the moment when vehicles will run out of energy and proposes a charging schedule as well as new vehicle movements between chargers, bus garage and routes to maintain the targeted headway. Consequently, the model is able to calculate the number of resources needed and the total cost for a given route and battery size, allowing cost and performance comparison to diesel and hybrid powertrains. The estimated results in two bus routes in Barcelona indicate that the purchasing cost of BEB vehicles (670,000 euros/veh for articulated, 500,000Euros/veh for standard vehicles, both depreciated over a lifetime of 15 years), battery packs (231 Euro/kWh purchased, depreciated over a lifetime of 10 years), as well as the investment in chargers, are still high to clearly justify their cost-competitiveness against diesel or hybrid counterparts. Nevertheless, if the acquisition cost of both vehicles and battery pack are only reduced by 9%, the BEB technology may present cost savings for transit agencies. It only happens if the fleet size is as large as the corresponding to diesel and hybrid technologies. Opportunity charging is resulted to be more cost- efficient than charging at bus garage for small battery packs, routes with acceptable time headway adherence and, specially, when fast chargers are located very close to terminal stops. Nevertheless, when the real bus route design and operation do not fulfill these standards, charging scheme at bus garage is preferable. |
| publishDate |
2022 |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022 2022-05-01 2022 2022-05-23 |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
journal article http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 AM http://purl.org/coar/version/c_ab4af688f83e57aa |
| dc.type.openaire.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| format |
article |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
https://hdl.handle.net/2117/367612 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103609 |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/2117/367612 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103609 |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
Inglés eng |
| language_invalid_str_mv |
Inglés |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
European Commission http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100011102 Seventh Framework Programme 605485 Zero Emission bUs Systems |
| dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv |
open access http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| dc.rights.openaire.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| rights_invalid_str_mv |
open access http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC instname:Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) |
| instname_str |
Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) |
| reponame_str |
UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC |
| collection |
UPCommons. Portal del coneixement obert de la UPC |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
|
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
|
| _version_ |
1869404109084295168 |
| score |
15,300719 |