A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds

When encountering an approaching predator, prey often must decide on an optimal distance for escape, measured as flight initiation distance (FID). As a fundamental behavioural indicator, FID has been widely measured in many species, and many biological or environmental factors have been found to be...

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Autores: Shuai, Ling-Ying, Morelli, Federico, Mikula, Peter, Benedetti, Yanina, Weston, Michael A., Ncube, Emmanuel, Tarakini, Tawanda, Díaz Esteban, Mario, Markó, Gábor, Jokimäki, Jukka, Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa, Cao, Yuan-Yuan
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2024
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/389833
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/389833
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Antipredator behaviour
Body size
Escape behaviour
Geographical region
Group size
Meta-analysis
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spelling A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birdsShuai, Ling-YingMorelli, FedericoMikula, PeterBenedetti, YaninaWeston, Michael A.Ncube, EmmanuelTarakini, TawandaDíaz Esteban, MarioMarkó, GáborJokimäki, JukkaKaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Marja-LiisaCao, Yuan-YuanAntipredator behaviourBody sizeEscape behaviourGeographical regionGroup sizeMeta-analysisWhen encountering an approaching predator, prey often must decide on an optimal distance for escape, measured as flight initiation distance (FID). As a fundamental behavioural indicator, FID has been widely measured in many species, and many biological or environmental factors have been found to be associated with FID. However, the effect of flock size on FID remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis using 142 effect sizes (based on 7666 measurements) from 99 avian species to explore the global trend of the effect of flock size on FID in birds, as well as the role of several biological and environmental factors in shaping the flock size effect. Generally, the overall effect size (weighted average) did not significantly differ from zero, with significant heterogeneity existing among effect sizes. Birds of larger body size, with a larger maximum flock size or living in nontropical regions tended to exhibit a more positive relationship between flock size and FID. Compared to passerines, waders exhibited a more positive relationship between flock size and FID. We detected significant between-taxon differences in ecological correlates of the flock size effect. For waders, body size, maximum flock size and handewing index were positively associated with the flock size effect on FID. For passerines, however, none of the explanatory factors played a significant role in shaping the relationship between flock size and FID. Our results suggest that the effect of flock size on FID is largely context dependent and may be influenced or even overridden by effects of other confounding factors.We also detected a publication bias, with studies reporting nonsignificant effects and those having smaller sample sizes less likely to be published.Peer reviewedAcademic PressDíaz Esteban, Mario [0000-0002-6384-6674]Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252024info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/389833reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Ingléshttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.01.013Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3898332026-05-22T06:33:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds
title A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds
spellingShingle A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds
Shuai, Ling-Ying
Antipredator behaviour
Body size
Escape behaviour
Geographical region
Group size
Meta-analysis
title_short A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds
title_full A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds
title_fullStr A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds
title_full_unstemmed A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds
title_sort A meta-analysis of the relationship between flock size and flight initiation distance in birds
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Shuai, Ling-Ying
Morelli, Federico
Mikula, Peter
Benedetti, Yanina
Weston, Michael A.
Ncube, Emmanuel
Tarakini, Tawanda
Díaz Esteban, Mario
Markó, Gábor
Jokimäki, Jukka
Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa
Cao, Yuan-Yuan
author Shuai, Ling-Ying
author_facet Shuai, Ling-Ying
Morelli, Federico
Mikula, Peter
Benedetti, Yanina
Weston, Michael A.
Ncube, Emmanuel
Tarakini, Tawanda
Díaz Esteban, Mario
Markó, Gábor
Jokimäki, Jukka
Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa
Cao, Yuan-Yuan
author_role author
author2 Morelli, Federico
Mikula, Peter
Benedetti, Yanina
Weston, Michael A.
Ncube, Emmanuel
Tarakini, Tawanda
Díaz Esteban, Mario
Markó, Gábor
Jokimäki, Jukka
Kaisanlahti-Jokimäki, Marja-Liisa
Cao, Yuan-Yuan
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Díaz Esteban, Mario [0000-0002-6384-6674]
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Antipredator behaviour
Body size
Escape behaviour
Geographical region
Group size
Meta-analysis
topic Antipredator behaviour
Body size
Escape behaviour
Geographical region
Group size
Meta-analysis
description When encountering an approaching predator, prey often must decide on an optimal distance for escape, measured as flight initiation distance (FID). As a fundamental behavioural indicator, FID has been widely measured in many species, and many biological or environmental factors have been found to be associated with FID. However, the effect of flock size on FID remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a phylogenetic meta-analysis using 142 effect sizes (based on 7666 measurements) from 99 avian species to explore the global trend of the effect of flock size on FID in birds, as well as the role of several biological and environmental factors in shaping the flock size effect. Generally, the overall effect size (weighted average) did not significantly differ from zero, with significant heterogeneity existing among effect sizes. Birds of larger body size, with a larger maximum flock size or living in nontropical regions tended to exhibit a more positive relationship between flock size and FID. Compared to passerines, waders exhibited a more positive relationship between flock size and FID. We detected significant between-taxon differences in ecological correlates of the flock size effect. For waders, body size, maximum flock size and handewing index were positively associated with the flock size effect on FID. For passerines, however, none of the explanatory factors played a significant role in shaping the relationship between flock size and FID. Our results suggest that the effect of flock size on FID is largely context dependent and may be influenced or even overridden by effects of other confounding factors.We also detected a publication bias, with studies reporting nonsignificant effects and those having smaller sample sizes less likely to be published.
publishDate 2024
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2024
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/389833
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/389833
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2024.01.013
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Academic Press
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Academic Press
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15,81155

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