La arquitectura de la fortaleza de Peñíscola. Una lectura a través de su historia material
Peñiscola is a urban fortress, placed in a privileged location in the Mediterranean, which has always adapted itself to changing times, to different military circumstances until the 19th century and to the touristic ones since the middle of the 20th century. Many important historical figures have li...
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| Tipo de recurso: | tesis doctoral |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2017 |
| País: | España |
| Institución: | Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) |
| Repositorio: | RiuNet. Repositorio Institucional de la Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia |
| Idioma: | español |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/86133 |
| Acceso en línea: | https://riunet.upv.es/handle/10251/86133 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | Fortaleza urbana Ciudad amurallada Fortificación Restauración arquitectónica Castellología COMPOSICION ARQUITECTONICA |
| Sumario: | Peñiscola is a urban fortress, placed in a privileged location in the Mediterranean, which has always adapted itself to changing times, to different military circumstances until the 19th century and to the touristic ones since the middle of the 20th century. Many important historical figures have lived there, such as Benedicto XIII, el Papa Luna, who fixed there his pontifical seat in the 15th century. There have also lived expert military engineers who started important transformations in the fortress by mandate of princes and kings, as well as ordinary people, farmers and sailors who, sheltered by the walls, built their houses.This thesis pretends to approach the study of the fortress' architecture starting from that of the different elements of the defensive complex still preserved and studying others which were hidden, transformed or lost but which are going to be identified in this research.There are two constructive key moments that configure the current morphology of the fortress. The first one was the construction of the medieval castle by the Order of the Temple, in the end of the 13th century. The next intervention, in the end of the 14th century, is the project promoted by Philip II, an architectural intervention of great significance. We are going to pay the greatest attention to these two periods in this research. Afterwards, and until the 19th century, minor changes were made to adapt the complex to the different military uses.In the middle of the 20th century, the fortress starts to become a strategic place on the valencian coast, but then, in a touristic way. Since the 60's, an intense urbanistic activity is developed, producing very important changes in the complex. The population starts to move outside the walls where the city grows along its coastline and, in the historic site, the wall stays as a residual element of the urban fabric, embedded in new streets and absorbed by some buildings.By the end of the 19th century, from a director plan, we confirm the state of abandonment suffered by the fortifications and we proposed undertaking studies, plans and restoration interventions. Those actions have been developed since 1995, being at the base of this research. Thanks to them, we have had the opportunity of investigating and discovering many elements of the defensive system: batteries, towers, round passages, powder kegs and defensive platforms, that had not been identified previously, and which have let us widen the known space of the monument.The current fortress is the result of this history, a defensive medieval complex adapted in modern times which has survived and supposes an example of the evolution of Mediterranean military architecture. This thesis tries to put on record all that, combining in this investigation both the direct experimentation in the restoration works and other methods, such as digital models, virtual recreations or photography, which let us offer a clear understanding of the architecture through its material history. The thesis is organized in six parts. In the first one, Presentation, the background, objectives and adopted methodology are described. In the second one, Introduction to the study of the fortification, a general description of the complex and a study of the historic cartography that has been relevant to our investigation are included.The third part, Historic and typological evolution of the fortress, gives a sequenced explanation divided in cultural periods and main defensive typologies that arise in the different stages. The fourth part, The architecture of the fortification, builds the central point of the thesis. Here, the elements that compose the defensive complex, the characterization of its architecture, the main transformations and the interesting notes about the work and its authors are analyzed. In the fifth and sixth part the Conclusions are gathered, pointing out future investigation lines and the Bibliography. |
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