Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31

Context. A large, faint nebula was unexpectedly discovered near M31 using narrowband [O III] images. Its apparent size and the lack of a clear counterpart at other wavelengths make it unique and challenging to explain.

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Lumbreras-Calle, A., Fernández-Ontiveros, J. A., Infante-Sainz, R., Akhlaghi, M., Montoro-Molina, B., Pérez-Díaz, B., del Pino, A., Vives-Arias, H., Hernán-Caballero, A., López-Sanjuan, C., Guerrero, Martín A., Eskandarlou, S., Ederoclite, A.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/424951
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/424951
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:ISM: clouds
ISM: general
ISM: kinematics and dynamics
ISM: lines and bands
Galaxies: individual: M31
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
title Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
spellingShingle Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
Lumbreras-Calle, A.
ISM: clouds
ISM: general
ISM: kinematics and dynamics
ISM: lines and bands
Galaxies: individual: M31
title_short Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
title_full Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
title_fullStr Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
title_full_unstemmed Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
title_sort Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Lumbreras-Calle, A.
Fernández-Ontiveros, J. A.
Infante-Sainz, R.
Akhlaghi, M.
Montoro-Molina, B.
Pérez-Díaz, B.
del Pino, A.
Vives-Arias, H.
Hernán-Caballero, A.
López-Sanjuan, C.
Guerrero, Martín A.
Eskandarlou, S.
Ederoclite, A.
author Lumbreras-Calle, A.
author_facet Lumbreras-Calle, A.
Fernández-Ontiveros, J. A.
Infante-Sainz, R.
Akhlaghi, M.
Montoro-Molina, B.
Pérez-Díaz, B.
del Pino, A.
Vives-Arias, H.
Hernán-Caballero, A.
López-Sanjuan, C.
Guerrero, Martín A.
Eskandarlou, S.
Ederoclite, A.
author_role author
author2 Fernández-Ontiveros, J. A.
Infante-Sainz, R.
Akhlaghi, M.
Montoro-Molina, B.
Pérez-Díaz, B.
del Pino, A.
Vives-Arias, H.
Hernán-Caballero, A.
López-Sanjuan, C.
Guerrero, Martín A.
Eskandarlou, S.
Ederoclite, A.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Fondo de Inversiones de Teruel
Gobierno de Aragón
European Commission
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
European Research Council
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv ISM: clouds
ISM: general
ISM: kinematics and dynamics
ISM: lines and bands
Galaxies: individual: M31
topic ISM: clouds
ISM: general
ISM: kinematics and dynamics
ISM: lines and bands
Galaxies: individual: M31
description Context. A large, faint nebula was unexpectedly discovered near M31 using narrowband [O III] images. Its apparent size and the lack of a clear counterpart at other wavelengths make it unique and challenging to explain.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2026
2026
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
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dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
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spelling Andromeda's tenuous veil: A likely Milky Way nebula projected toward M31Lumbreras-Calle, A.Fernández-Ontiveros, J. A.Infante-Sainz, R.Akhlaghi, M.Montoro-Molina, B.Pérez-Díaz, B.del Pino, A.Vives-Arias, H.Hernán-Caballero, A.López-Sanjuan, C.Guerrero, Martín A.Eskandarlou, S.Ederoclite, A.ISM: cloudsISM: generalISM: kinematics and dynamicsISM: lines and bandsGalaxies: individual: M31Context. A large, faint nebula was unexpectedly discovered near M31 using narrowband [O III] images. Its apparent size and the lack of a clear counterpart at other wavelengths make it unique and challenging to explain.Aims. We aim to determine whether the nebula is extragalactic and vast or associated with the Milky Way filamentary structure. This will enable us to constrain its physical properties and assess its nature.Methods. We obtained deep narrowband [O II]3727 and Hα+[NII] observations with the JAST80 telescope at the Observatorio Astrofísico de Javalambre, as well as high spectral resolution spectroscopy (R ~ 5000) at four locations within the region of interest using the MEGARA integral field unit at the Gran Telescopio Canarias.Results. We found extended [O II] emission along two near-parallel strands to the [O III], offset by six arcmin. The nebular spectra reveal up to six emission lines from [O III]4959,5007, Hβ, [N II]6583, and [S II]6716,6731. Their receding velocities are above −40 km s−1, far from the systemic velocity of M31 (−300 km s−1 ). The fluxes and velocities are remarkably consistent for the same lines across different regions of the nebula.Conclusions. The nebular properties suggest a location within the Milky Way rather than being physically associated with M31. The most likely scenario suggests a resolved ionization structure in a Galactic nebula with a separation between [O II] and [O III] on the order of a few parsecs. The observed receding velocities would be unprecedented for an object physically linked to M31 but are common for nearby gas filaments. Their consistency across the nebula would also be highly unusual if it were larger than a kiloparsec. The analysis of the emission line ratios, line widths, and morphology suggests the possibility of it being an interstellar gas filament with an additional source of ionization to explain the [O III] emission. However, the complex properties of this object call for further observations to confirm its nature. © The Authors 2025.ALC would like to thank Asier Castrillo and Raúl González-Díaz for useful discussions. The authors would like to thank the team of OAJ operators responsible for the photometric observations, as well as the GTC team responsible for the spectroscopic observations. The authors acknowledge funding by the Governments of Spain and Aragón through their general budgets and the Fondo de Inversiones de Teruel. ALC acknowledges funding support by the European Union - NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Facility program Planes Complementarios con las CCAA de Astrofísica y Física de Altas Energías - LA4. ALC, JAFO, AHC acknowledge financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN∕AEI∕10.13039∕501100011033), by “ERDF A way of making Europe” and by “European Union NextGener-ationEU/PRTR” through the grants PID2021-124918NB-C44 and CNS2023-145339; MCIN and the European Union - NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Facility project ICTS-MRR-2021-03-CEFCA. RIS acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation through the project PID2022-138896NA-C54. HVA is supported by the grant PTA2021-020561-I, funded by MICIU∕AEI∕10.13039∕501100011033 and by ESF+. AE acknowledges the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Union - NextGenerationEU through the Recovery and Resilience Facility project ICTS-MRR-2021-03-CEFCA. This work was partly done using GNU Astronomy Utilities (Gnuastro, ascl.net∕1801.009) version 0.23. Work on Gnuastro has been funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) scholarship and its Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (21244012, 24253003), the European Research Council (ERC) advanced grant 339659-MUSICOS, the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, grant number AYA2016-76219-P) and the NextGenerationEU grant through the Recovery and Resilience Facility project ICTS-MRR-2021-03-CEFCA and the Spanish research agency grant PID2021-124918NA-C43. This work made use of Astropy7: a community-developed core Python package and an ecosystem of tools and resources for astronomy (Astropy Collaboration 2022).Peer reviewedEDP SciencesFondo de Inversiones de TeruelGobierno de AragónEuropean CommissionMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España)European Research CouncilMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (España)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202620262025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/424951reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. 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