EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS

Superflares may provide the dominant source of biologically relevant UV radiation to rocky habitable-zone M-dwarf planets (M-Earths), altering planetary atmospheres and conditions for surface life. The combined line and continuum flare emission has usually been approximated by a 9000 K blackbody. If...

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Autores: Howard, Ward S., Corbett, Hank, Law, Nicholas M., Ratzloff, Jeffrey K., Galliher, Nathan, Glazier, Amy L., Gonzalez, Ramses, Vasquez Soto, Alan, Fors Aldrich, Octavi, Ser Badia, Daniel del, Haislip, Joshua
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2020
País:España
Recursos:Universidad de Barcelona
Repositorio:Dipòsit Digital de la UB
OAI Identifier:oai:diposit.ub.edu:2445/207398
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/2445/207398
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Observatoris
Planetes
Telescopis
Observatories
Planets
Telescopes
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spelling EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESSHoward, Ward S.Corbett, HankLaw, Nicholas M.Ratzloff, Jeffrey K.Galliher, NathanGlazier, Amy L.Gonzalez, RamsesVasquez Soto, AlanFors Aldrich, OctaviSer Badia, Daniel delHaislip, JoshuaObservatorisPlanetesTelescopisObservatoriesPlanetsTelescopesSuperflares may provide the dominant source of biologically relevant UV radiation to rocky habitable-zone M-dwarf planets (M-Earths), altering planetary atmospheres and conditions for surface life. The combined line and continuum flare emission has usually been approximated by a 9000 K blackbody. If superflares are hotter, then the UV emission may be 10 times higher than predicted from the optical. However, it is unknown for how long M-dwarf superflares reach temperatures above 9000 K. Only a handful of M-dwarf superflares have been recorded with multiwavelength high-cadence observations. We double the total number of events in the literature using simultaneous Evryscope and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite observations to provide the first systematic exploration of the temperature evolution of M-dwarf superflares. We also increase the number of superflaring M dwarfs with published time-resolved blackbody evolution by ∼10×. We measure temperatures at 2 minutes cadence for 42 superflares from 27 K5–M5 dwarfs. We find superflare peak temperatures (defined as the mean of temperatures corresponding to flare FWHM) increase with flare energy and impulse. We find the amount of time flares emit at temperatures above 14,000 K depends on energy. We discover that 43% of the flares emit above 14,000 K, 23% emit above 20,000 K and 5% emit above 30,000 K. The largest and hottest flare briefly reached 42,000 K. Some do not reach 14,000 K. During superflares, we estimate M-Earths orbiting <200 Myr stars typically receive a top-of-atmosphere UV-C flux of ∼120 W m−2 and up to 103 W m−2, 100–1000 times the time-averaged X-ray and UV flux from Proxima Cen.Institute of Physics (IOP)2020info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://hdl.handle.net/2445/207398Articles publicats en revistes (Física Quàntica i Astrofísica)reponame:Dipòsit Digital de la UBinstname:Universidad de BarcelonaInglésReproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb5b4Astrophysical Journal, 2020, vol. 902, num.2https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb5b4(c) American Astronomical Society, 2020info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:diposit.ub.edu:2445/2073982026-05-27T06:46:51Z
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS
title EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS
spellingShingle EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS
Howard, Ward S.
Observatoris
Planetes
Telescopis
Observatories
Planets
Telescopes
title_short EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS
title_full EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS
title_fullStr EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS
title_full_unstemmed EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS
title_sort EvryFlare. III. Temperature Evolution and Habitability Impacts of Dozens of Superflares Observed Simultaneously by Evryscope and TESS
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Howard, Ward S.
Corbett, Hank
Law, Nicholas M.
Ratzloff, Jeffrey K.
Galliher, Nathan
Glazier, Amy L.
Gonzalez, Ramses
Vasquez Soto, Alan
Fors Aldrich, Octavi
Ser Badia, Daniel del
Haislip, Joshua
author Howard, Ward S.
author_facet Howard, Ward S.
Corbett, Hank
Law, Nicholas M.
Ratzloff, Jeffrey K.
Galliher, Nathan
Glazier, Amy L.
Gonzalez, Ramses
Vasquez Soto, Alan
Fors Aldrich, Octavi
Ser Badia, Daniel del
Haislip, Joshua
author_role author
author2 Corbett, Hank
Law, Nicholas M.
Ratzloff, Jeffrey K.
Galliher, Nathan
Glazier, Amy L.
Gonzalez, Ramses
Vasquez Soto, Alan
Fors Aldrich, Octavi
Ser Badia, Daniel del
Haislip, Joshua
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Observatoris
Planetes
Telescopis
Observatories
Planets
Telescopes
topic Observatoris
Planetes
Telescopis
Observatories
Planets
Telescopes
description Superflares may provide the dominant source of biologically relevant UV radiation to rocky habitable-zone M-dwarf planets (M-Earths), altering planetary atmospheres and conditions for surface life. The combined line and continuum flare emission has usually been approximated by a 9000 K blackbody. If superflares are hotter, then the UV emission may be 10 times higher than predicted from the optical. However, it is unknown for how long M-dwarf superflares reach temperatures above 9000 K. Only a handful of M-dwarf superflares have been recorded with multiwavelength high-cadence observations. We double the total number of events in the literature using simultaneous Evryscope and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite observations to provide the first systematic exploration of the temperature evolution of M-dwarf superflares. We also increase the number of superflaring M dwarfs with published time-resolved blackbody evolution by ∼10×. We measure temperatures at 2 minutes cadence for 42 superflares from 27 K5–M5 dwarfs. We find superflare peak temperatures (defined as the mean of temperatures corresponding to flare FWHM) increase with flare energy and impulse. We find the amount of time flares emit at temperatures above 14,000 K depends on energy. We discover that 43% of the flares emit above 14,000 K, 23% emit above 20,000 K and 5% emit above 30,000 K. The largest and hottest flare briefly reached 42,000 K. Some do not reach 14,000 K. During superflares, we estimate M-Earths orbiting <200 Myr stars typically receive a top-of-atmosphere UV-C flux of ∼120 W m−2 and up to 103 W m−2, 100–1000 times the time-averaged X-ray and UV flux from Proxima Cen.
publishDate 2020
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2020
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/2445/207398
url https://hdl.handle.net/2445/207398
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Reproducció del document publicat a: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb5b4
Astrophysical Journal, 2020, vol. 902, num.2
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb5b4
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv (c) American Astronomical Society, 2020
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv (c) American Astronomical Society, 2020
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Physics (IOP)
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Institute of Physics (IOP)
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Articles publicats en revistes (Física Quàntica i Astrofísica)
reponame:Dipòsit Digital de la UB
instname:Universidad de Barcelona
instname_str Universidad de Barcelona
reponame_str Dipòsit Digital de la UB
collection Dipòsit Digital de la UB
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
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score 15.300719

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