Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz

Context. The galaxy M87 is one of the prime targets for high resolution radio imaging to investigate the ring-like “shadow” of its supermassive black hole, the innermost regions of accretion flow, and the formation of the relativistic jet. However, it remains challenging to observe them jointly due...

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Autores: Kim, Jong-Seo, Müller, Hendrik, Nikonov, A. S., Lu, Ru-Sen, Knollmüller, Jakob, Enßlin, Torsten A., Wielgus, Maciek, Lobanov, Andrei P.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/390469
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/390469
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Methods: statistical
Techniques: high angular resolution
Techniques: image processing
Techniques: interferometric
Galaxies: active
Galaxies: individual: M87
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network_acronym_str ES
network_name_str España
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
title Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
spellingShingle Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
Kim, Jong-Seo
Methods: statistical
Techniques: high angular resolution
Techniques: image processing
Techniques: interferometric
Galaxies: active
Galaxies: individual: M87
title_short Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
title_full Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
title_fullStr Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
title_full_unstemmed Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
title_sort Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHz
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Kim, Jong-Seo
Müller, Hendrik
Nikonov, A. S.
Lu, Ru-Sen
Knollmüller, Jakob
Enßlin, Torsten A.
Wielgus, Maciek
Lobanov, Andrei P.
author Kim, Jong-Seo
author_facet Kim, Jong-Seo
Müller, Hendrik
Nikonov, A. S.
Lu, Ru-Sen
Knollmüller, Jakob
Enßlin, Torsten A.
Wielgus, Maciek
Lobanov, Andrei P.
author_role author
author2 Müller, Hendrik
Nikonov, A. S.
Lu, Ru-Sen
Knollmüller, Jakob
Enßlin, Torsten A.
Wielgus, Maciek
Lobanov, Andrei P.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv European Research Council
European Commission
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
National Science Foundation (US)
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Methods: statistical
Techniques: high angular resolution
Techniques: image processing
Techniques: interferometric
Galaxies: active
Galaxies: individual: M87
topic Methods: statistical
Techniques: high angular resolution
Techniques: image processing
Techniques: interferometric
Galaxies: active
Galaxies: individual: M87
description Context. The galaxy M87 is one of the prime targets for high resolution radio imaging to investigate the ring-like “shadow” of its supermassive black hole, the innermost regions of accretion flow, and the formation of the relativistic jet. However, it remains challenging to observe them jointly due to the sparsity of the UV coverage and limited array sensitivity. In 2018, global mm-VLBI array (GMVA)+ALMA observations at 86 GHz enabled the simultaneous reconstruction of a ring structure and the extended jet emission. In order to analyze the ring and jet of M87, conventional CLEAN algorithms were mainly employed alongside the regularized maximum likelihood method SMILI in previous work.
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/390469
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/390469
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv #PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/101018682
info:eu-repo/grantAgreement///RYC2023-042988-I
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452038
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
publisher.none.fl_str_mv EDP Sciences
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
repository.name.fl_str_mv
repository.mail.fl_str_mv
_version_ 1869402816643072000
spelling Imaging a ring-like structure and the extended jet of M87 at 86 GHzKim, Jong-SeoMüller, HendrikNikonov, A. S.Lu, Ru-SenKnollmüller, JakobEnßlin, Torsten A.Wielgus, MaciekLobanov, Andrei P.Methods: statisticalTechniques: high angular resolutionTechniques: image processingTechniques: interferometricGalaxies: activeGalaxies: individual: M87Context. The galaxy M87 is one of the prime targets for high resolution radio imaging to investigate the ring-like “shadow” of its supermassive black hole, the innermost regions of accretion flow, and the formation of the relativistic jet. However, it remains challenging to observe them jointly due to the sparsity of the UV coverage and limited array sensitivity. In 2018, global mm-VLBI array (GMVA)+ALMA observations at 86 GHz enabled the simultaneous reconstruction of a ring structure and the extended jet emission. In order to analyze the ring and jet of M87, conventional CLEAN algorithms were mainly employed alongside the regularized maximum likelihood method SMILI in previous work.Aims. To test the robustness of the reconstructed structures of M87 GMVA+ALMA observations at 86 GHz, we estimate the ring diameter, width, and the extended jet emission with the possible central spine by two different novel imaging algorithms: resolve and DoG-HiT.Methods. We performed Bayesian self-calibration and imaging with uncertainty estimation using resolve. In addition, we reconstructed the image with DoG-HiT, using only interferometric closure quantities.Results. Overall, reconstructions are consistent with the CLEAN and SMILI images. The ring structure of M87 is resolved at a higher resolution and the posterior distribution of M87 ring features is explored. The resolve images show that the ring diameter is 60.9 ± 2.2 μas and its width is 16.0 ± 0.9 μas. The ring diameter and the ring width measured from the DoG-HiT image are 61.0 μas and 20.6 μas, respectively. The ring diameter is therefore in agreement with the estimation (64−8+4μas) by SMILI image reconstructions and visibility domain model fitting. Two bright spots in the ring are reconstructed by four independent imaging methods. Therefore, the substructure in the ring most likely results from the data. A consistent limb-brightened jet structure is reconstructed by resolve and DoG-HiT, albeit with a less pronounced central spine.Conclusions. Modern data-driven imaging methods confirm the ring and jet structure in M87, and complement traditional VLBI methods with novel perspectives on evaluating the significance of the recovered features. They confirm the result of the previous report. © The Authors 2025We thank Jae-Young Kim for helpful suggestions and feedback on drafts of the manuscript, Jack Livingston and Thomas Krichbaum for comments and informative discussions. J. K. and A. N. received financial support for this research from the International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Universities of Bonn and Cologne. This work was supported by the M2FINDERS project funded by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant Agreement No. 101018682). R.-S.L. is supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars of China (Grant No. 12325302) and the Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, CAS, Shanghai Branch (JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013). M.W. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant RYC2023-042988-I from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation. This research has made use of data obtained with the Global Millimeter VLBI Array (GMVA), which consists of telescopes operated by the MPIfR, IRAM, Onsala, Metsahovi, Yebes, the Korean VLBI Network, the Greenland Telescope, the Green Bank Observatory and the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA). The VLBA and the GBT are facilities of the National Science Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. The Greenland Telescope (GLT) is operated by the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA) and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO). The data were correlated at the correlator of the MPIfR in Bonn, Germany.Peer reviewedEDP SciencesEuropean Research CouncilEuropean CommissionMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)National Science Foundation (US)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/390469reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Inglés#PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE##PLACEHOLDER_PARENT_METADATA_VALUE#info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/101018682info:eu-repo/grantAgreement///RYC2023-042988-Ihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202452038Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3904692026-05-22T06:33:51Z
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