The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission

Hussmann, Hauke et al.-- Full list of authors: Hussmann, Hauke; Lingenauber, Kay; Stark, Alexander; Enya, Keigo; Thomas, Nicolas; Lara, Luisa M.; Althaus, Christian; Araki, Hiroshi; Behnke, Thomas; Binger, Jan; Breuer, Doris; Casotto, Stefano; Castro, Jose M.; Choblet, Gaël; Christensen, Ulrich; Cop...

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Autores: Hussmann, Hauke, Lara, Luisa María, Castro Marín, J. M., Herranz, Miguel, Jimenéz, Jaime, Martínez-Navajas, Ignacio, Rodrigo, R.
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2025
País:España
Institución:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
Repositorio:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
OAI Identifier:oai:digital.csic.es:10261/385893
Acceso en línea:http://hdl.handle.net/10261/385893
Access Level:acceso abierto
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oai_identifier_str oai:digital.csic.es:10261/385893
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network_name_str España
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dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission
title The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission
spellingShingle The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission
Hussmann, Hauke
title_short The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission
title_full The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission
title_fullStr The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission
title_full_unstemmed The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission
title_sort The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) Mission
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Hussmann, Hauke
Lara, Luisa María
Castro Marín, J. M.
Herranz, Miguel
Jimenéz, Jaime
Martínez-Navajas, Ignacio
Rodrigo, R.
author Hussmann, Hauke
author_facet Hussmann, Hauke
Lara, Luisa María
Castro Marín, J. M.
Herranz, Miguel
Jimenéz, Jaime
Martínez-Navajas, Ignacio
Rodrigo, R.
author_role author
author2 Lara, Luisa María
Castro Marín, J. M.
Herranz, Miguel
Jimenéz, Jaime
Martínez-Navajas, Ignacio
Rodrigo, R.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (Germany)
NASA
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]
description Hussmann, Hauke et al.-- Full list of authors: Hussmann, Hauke; Lingenauber, Kay; Stark, Alexander; Enya, Keigo; Thomas, Nicolas; Lara, Luisa M.; Althaus, Christian; Araki, Hiroshi; Behnke, Thomas; Binger, Jan; Breuer, Doris; Casotto, Stefano; Castro, Jose M.; Choblet, Gaël; Christensen, Ulrich; Coppoolse, Willem; Eisenmenger, Henri; Ferraz-Mello, Sylvio; Fujii, Masayuki; Fujishiro, Naofumi; Gallina, Giovanni; Gwinner, Klaus; Hauber, Ernst; Heer, Ulrich; Henkelmann, Reiner; Herranz, Miguel; Hüttig, Christian; Iwamura, Satoru; Jiménez, Jaime; Kimura, Jun; Kirino, Okiharu; Kobayashi, Masanori; Kurita, Kei; Lainey, Valéry; Leikert, Thomas; Lichopoj, Alexander; Lötzke, Horst-Georg; Lüdicke, Fabian; Martínez-Navajas, Ignacio; Michaelis, Harald; Nakagawa, Hiroyuki; Namiki, Noriyuki; Nishiyama, Gaku; Noda, Hirotomo; Oberst, Jürgen; Oshigami, Shoko; Pommerol, Antoine; Rech, Markus; Roatsch, Thomas; Rodrigo, Rafael; Rodríguez, Adrián; Rösner, Kerstin; Touhara, Kazuyuki; Saito, Yoshifumi; Sasaki, Sho; Sato, Yuki; Schmidt, Frédéric; Schreiber, Ulrich; Schulze-Walewski, Stefan; Sohl, Frank; Spohn, Tilman; Steinbrügge, Gregor; Stephan, Katrin; Tanimoto, Kazuo; Thabaut, Pascal; del Togno, Simone; Vermeersen, Bert; Wegert, Henry; Weidlich, Kai; Wendler, Belinda; Wickhusen, Kai; Wieczorek, Mark; Willner, Konrad; Wolff, Friederike; Yokozawa, Takeshi; Yseboodt, Marie
publishDate 2025
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2025
2025
2025
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501
Publisher's version
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10261/385893
url http://hdl.handle.net/10261/385893
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv Inglés
language_invalid_str_mv Inglés
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-025-01149-7
Sí
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Springer
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
instname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
instname_str Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
reponame_str DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
collection DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSIC
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spelling The Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy moons Explorer (JUICE) MissionHussmann, HaukeLara, Luisa MaríaCastro Marín, J. M.Herranz, MiguelJimenéz, JaimeMartínez-Navajas, IgnacioRodrigo, R.Hussmann, Hauke et al.-- Full list of authors: Hussmann, Hauke; Lingenauber, Kay; Stark, Alexander; Enya, Keigo; Thomas, Nicolas; Lara, Luisa M.; Althaus, Christian; Araki, Hiroshi; Behnke, Thomas; Binger, Jan; Breuer, Doris; Casotto, Stefano; Castro, Jose M.; Choblet, Gaël; Christensen, Ulrich; Coppoolse, Willem; Eisenmenger, Henri; Ferraz-Mello, Sylvio; Fujii, Masayuki; Fujishiro, Naofumi; Gallina, Giovanni; Gwinner, Klaus; Hauber, Ernst; Heer, Ulrich; Henkelmann, Reiner; Herranz, Miguel; Hüttig, Christian; Iwamura, Satoru; Jiménez, Jaime; Kimura, Jun; Kirino, Okiharu; Kobayashi, Masanori; Kurita, Kei; Lainey, Valéry; Leikert, Thomas; Lichopoj, Alexander; Lötzke, Horst-Georg; Lüdicke, Fabian; Martínez-Navajas, Ignacio; Michaelis, Harald; Nakagawa, Hiroyuki; Namiki, Noriyuki; Nishiyama, Gaku; Noda, Hirotomo; Oberst, Jürgen; Oshigami, Shoko; Pommerol, Antoine; Rech, Markus; Roatsch, Thomas; Rodrigo, Rafael; Rodríguez, Adrián; Rösner, Kerstin; Touhara, Kazuyuki; Saito, Yoshifumi; Sasaki, Sho; Sato, Yuki; Schmidt, Frédéric; Schreiber, Ulrich; Schulze-Walewski, Stefan; Sohl, Frank; Spohn, Tilman; Steinbrügge, Gregor; Stephan, Katrin; Tanimoto, Kazuo; Thabaut, Pascal; del Togno, Simone; Vermeersen, Bert; Wegert, Henry; Weidlich, Kai; Wendler, Belinda; Wickhusen, Kai; Wieczorek, Mark; Willner, Konrad; Wolff, Friederike; Yokozawa, Takeshi; Yseboodt, MarieThe Ganymede Laser Altimeter (GALA) on the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) mission, is in charge of a comprehensive geodetic mapping of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto on the basis of Laser range measurements. While multiple topographic profiles will be obtained for Europa and Callisto during flybys, GALA will provide a high-resolution global shape model of Ganymede while in orbit around this moon based on at least 600 million range measurements from altitudes of 500 km and 200 km above the surface. By measuring the diurnal tidal deformation of Ganymede, which crucially depends on the decoupling of the outer ice shell from the deeper interior by a liquid water ocean, GALA will obtain evidence for (or against) a subsurface ocean on Ganymede and will provide constraints on the ice shell thickness above the ocean. In combination with other instruments, it will characterize the morphology of surface units on Ganymede, Europa, and Callisto providing not only topography but also measurements of surface roughness on the scale of the laser footprint, i.e. at a scale of about 50 m from 500 km altitude, and albedo values at the laser wavelength of 1064 nm. GALA is a single-beam laser altimeter, operating at a nominal frequency of 30 Hz, with a capability of reaching up to 48 Hz. It uses a Nd:YAG laser to generate pulses with pulse lengths of 5.5 ± 2.5 ns. The return pulse is detected by an Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) with 100 MHz bandwidth and the signal is digitized at a sampling rate of 200 MHz providing range measurements with a sub-sample resolution of 0.1 m. Research institutes and industrial partners from Germany, Japan, Switzerland and Spain collaborated to build the instrument. JUICE, conducted under responsibility of the European Space Agency (ESA), was successfully launched in April 2023 and is scheduled for arrival at the Jupiter system in July 2031. The nominal science mission including multiple close flybys at Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, as well as the final Ganymede orbit phase will last from 2031 to 2035. In May 2023 GALA has completed its Near-Earth Commissioning, showing full functionality of all units. Here we summarize the scientific objectives, instrument design and implementation, performance, and operational aspects of GALA. © The Author(s) 2025We would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on previous versions of the manuscript. We thank William Byrne for carefully reading and commenting the manuscript. Financial support was provided on behalf of the DLR Space Agency by the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action of Germany (FKZ: 50QJ 1401). We gratefully acknowledge the support by the JUICE project teams at ESTEC, ESOC, ESAC and Airbus Defence & Space in Friedrichshafen and Toulouse. A portion of this work was carried out by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with NASAPeer reviewedSpringerFederal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (Germany)NASAConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [https://ror.org/02gfc7t72]202520252025info:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501Publisher's versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://hdl.handle.net/10261/385893reponame:DIGITAL.CSIC. Repositorio Institucional del CSICinstname:Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Ingléshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11214-025-01149-7Síinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessoai:digital.csic.es:10261/3858932026-05-22T06:33:51Z
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