Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants

The transition from conventional to organic agriculture is often challenged by the adaptation of biological control agents to environments heavily exposed to agrochemical pollutants. We studied Trichoderma species isolated from living leaf tissues of wild Rubiacaeae (coffee family) plants to determi...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores: Escudero Leyva, Efraín, Alfaro Vargas, Pamela, Muñoz Arrieta, Rodrigo, Charpentier Alfaro, Camila, Granados Montero, María del Milagro, Valverde Madrigal, Katherine S., Pérez Villanueva, Marta Eugenia, Méndez Rivera, Michael, Rodríguez Rodríguez, Carlos E., Chaverri Echandi, Priscila, Mora Villalobos, José Anibal
Tipo de recurso: artículo
Fecha de publicación:2022
País:Costa Rica
Institución:Universidad de Costa Rica
Repositorio:Kérwá
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:kerwa.ucr.ac.cr:10669/85719
Acceso en línea:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fagro.2021.772170/full
https://hdl.handle.net/10669/85719
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palabra clave:Biodegradation
Bioremediation
Ecotoxicity
Fungal endophytes
Organic agriculture
Trichoderma
id CR_19a6d5f7dfd873ec9f0653b5f2995bef
oai_identifier_str oai:kerwa.ucr.ac.cr:10669/85719
network_acronym_str CR
network_name_str Costa Rica
repository_id_str
dc.title.es_ES.fl_str_mv Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants
title Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants
spellingShingle Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants
Escudero Leyva, Efraín
Biodegradation
Bioremediation
Ecotoxicity
Fungal endophytes
Organic agriculture
Trichoderma
title_short Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants
title_full Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants
title_fullStr Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants
title_full_unstemmed Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants
title_sort Tolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plants
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Escudero Leyva, Efraín
Alfaro Vargas, Pamela
Muñoz Arrieta, Rodrigo
Charpentier Alfaro, Camila
Granados Montero, María del Milagro
Valverde Madrigal, Katherine S.
Pérez Villanueva, Marta Eugenia
Méndez Rivera, Michael
Rodríguez Rodríguez, Carlos E.
Chaverri Echandi, Priscila
Mora Villalobos, José Anibal
author Escudero Leyva, Efraín
author_facet Escudero Leyva, Efraín
Alfaro Vargas, Pamela
Muñoz Arrieta, Rodrigo
Charpentier Alfaro, Camila
Granados Montero, María del Milagro
Valverde Madrigal, Katherine S.
Pérez Villanueva, Marta Eugenia
Méndez Rivera, Michael
Rodríguez Rodríguez, Carlos E.
Chaverri Echandi, Priscila
Mora Villalobos, José Anibal
author_role author
author2 Alfaro Vargas, Pamela
Muñoz Arrieta, Rodrigo
Charpentier Alfaro, Camila
Granados Montero, María del Milagro
Valverde Madrigal, Katherine S.
Pérez Villanueva, Marta Eugenia
Méndez Rivera, Michael
Rodríguez Rodríguez, Carlos E.
Chaverri Echandi, Priscila
Mora Villalobos, José Anibal
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
author
dc.subject.es_ES.fl_str_mv Biodegradation
Bioremediation
Ecotoxicity
Fungal endophytes
Organic agriculture
Trichoderma
topic Biodegradation
Bioremediation
Ecotoxicity
Fungal endophytes
Organic agriculture
Trichoderma
description The transition from conventional to organic agriculture is often challenged by the adaptation of biological control agents to environments heavily exposed to agrochemical pollutants. We studied Trichoderma species isolated from living leaf tissues of wild Rubiacaeae (coffee family) plants to determine their fungicide tolerance and potential for bioremoval. First, we assessed the in vitro tolerance to fungicides of four Trichoderma isolates (Trichoderma rifaii T1, T. aff. crassum T2, T. aff. atroviride T3, and T. aff. strigosellum T4) by placing mycelial plugs onto solid media supplemented with seven different systemic and non-systemic fungicides. After a week, most of the fungicides did not significantly inhibit the growth of the isolates, except in the case of cyproconazole, where the only isolate able to grow was T1; however, the colony morphology was affected by the presence of fungicides. Second, biological removal potential was established for selected isolates. For this experiment, the isolates T1, T2, and T4 were independently inoculated into liquid media with the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cyproconazole, and trifloxystrobin. After 14 days of incubation, a removal of up to 89% was achieved for chlorothalonil, 46.4% for cyproconazole, and 33.1% for trifloxystrobin using viable biomass. In the case of azoxystrobin, the highest removal (82.2%) occurred by adsorption to fungal biomass. Ecotoxicological tests in Daphnia magna revealed that T1 has the highest removal potential, achieving significant elimination of every fungicide, while simultaneously detoxifying the aqueous matrix (except in the case of cyproconazole). Isolate T4 also exhibited an intermediate efficiency, while isolate T2 was unable to detoxify the matrix in most cases. The removal and detoxification of cyproconazole failed with all the isolates. These findings suggest that endosphere of wild plants could be an attractive guild to find new Trichoderma species with promising bioremediation capabilities. In addition, the results demonstrate that attention should be placed when combining certain types of agrochemicals with antagonistic fungi in Integrated Pest and Disease Management strategies or when transitioning to organic agriculture.
publishDate 2022
dc.date.accessioned.none.fl_str_mv 2022-02-10T20:57:38Z
dc.date.available.none.fl_str_mv 2022-02-10T20:57:38Z
dc.date.issued.none.fl_str_mv 2022-02-03
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv artículo original
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
dc.identifier.citation.none.fl_str_mv https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fagro.2021.772170/full
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 2673-3218
dc.identifier.uri.none.fl_str_mv https://hdl.handle.net/10669/85719
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.3389/fagro.2021.772170
dc.identifier.codproyecto.none.fl_str_mv 802-B8-510
809-C1-604
111-B7-176
809-B9-662
url https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fagro.2021.772170/full
https://hdl.handle.net/10669/85719
identifier_str_mv 2673-3218
10.3389/fagro.2021.772170
802-B8-510
809-C1-604
111-B7-176
809-B9-662
dc.language.iso.es_ES.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv acceso abierto
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv acceso abierto
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.source.es_ES.fl_str_mv Frontiers in Agronomy, vol.3, pp.1-14.
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Kérwá
instname:Universidad de Costa Rica
instacron:UCR
instname_str Universidad de Costa Rica
instacron_str UCR
institution UCR
reponame_str Kérwá
collection Kérwá
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/9cbd059d-9ef6-447f-a161-9a7f1959593a/download
https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/a0d51852-423f-4604-8e53-a02dde483556/download
https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/ba5b6069-099e-486d-9ad1-0cdaca8bfe58/download
https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/b6ffb7f5-a673-4b9e-b979-f31a77d565d3/download
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 1c72d25a1e9fba11e39959641bfd83c4
44ae5839bc6497e3c892c5ee8e4284f1
4d0e120cd0fec920756c531700ea37a0
6d94069a9f4b43420ce8bc8544ab92be
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Kérwá - Universidad de Costa Rica
repository.mail.fl_str_mv meilyn.garro@ucr.ac.cr
_version_ 1849325506626846720
spelling Escudero Leyva, Efraíndc508284-52ed-42e0-bd93-63391efe80af600Alfaro Vargas, Pamela2cec9346-2612-4867-bfef-635cd14f448bMuñoz Arrieta, Rodrigo8443ed35-32d6-4678-bbc9-cf421e847f3a600Charpentier Alfaro, Camila14322515-af6d-4755-948d-d43ace9908a8600Granados Montero, María del Milagrodb954cd3-9ce1-4d35-ac96-49feb134348d600Valverde Madrigal, Katherine S.a4ae1b1d-57e2-4112-b5f7-a41654b74c94Pérez Villanueva, Marta Eugeniad3535db1-2db5-4e57-b74b-36b7ac40ca3f600Méndez Rivera, Michael2627d367-a9fa-4a9c-a8b2-d5f267da92af600Rodríguez Rodríguez, Carlos E.0e425b9d-7052-467c-8b34-46941b5263a4600Chaverri Echandi, Priscilafd2015fa-d42e-4ac4-9de2-9854905d7f7f600Mora Villalobos, José Anibale247b784-ca60-4404-84a2-f8ad7cf440f16002022-02-10T20:57:38Z2022-02-10T20:57:38Z2022-02-03https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fagro.2021.772170/full2673-3218https://hdl.handle.net/10669/8571910.3389/fagro.2021.772170802-B8-510809-C1-604111-B7-176809-B9-662The transition from conventional to organic agriculture is often challenged by the adaptation of biological control agents to environments heavily exposed to agrochemical pollutants. We studied Trichoderma species isolated from living leaf tissues of wild Rubiacaeae (coffee family) plants to determine their fungicide tolerance and potential for bioremoval. First, we assessed the in vitro tolerance to fungicides of four Trichoderma isolates (Trichoderma rifaii T1, T. aff. crassum T2, T. aff. atroviride T3, and T. aff. strigosellum T4) by placing mycelial plugs onto solid media supplemented with seven different systemic and non-systemic fungicides. After a week, most of the fungicides did not significantly inhibit the growth of the isolates, except in the case of cyproconazole, where the only isolate able to grow was T1; however, the colony morphology was affected by the presence of fungicides. Second, biological removal potential was established for selected isolates. For this experiment, the isolates T1, T2, and T4 were independently inoculated into liquid media with the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, cyproconazole, and trifloxystrobin. After 14 days of incubation, a removal of up to 89% was achieved for chlorothalonil, 46.4% for cyproconazole, and 33.1% for trifloxystrobin using viable biomass. In the case of azoxystrobin, the highest removal (82.2%) occurred by adsorption to fungal biomass. Ecotoxicological tests in Daphnia magna revealed that T1 has the highest removal potential, achieving significant elimination of every fungicide, while simultaneously detoxifying the aqueous matrix (except in the case of cyproconazole). Isolate T4 also exhibited an intermediate efficiency, while isolate T2 was unable to detoxify the matrix in most cases. The removal and detoxification of cyproconazole failed with all the isolates. These findings suggest that endosphere of wild plants could be an attractive guild to find new Trichoderma species with promising bioremediation capabilities. In addition, the results demonstrate that attention should be placed when combining certain types of agrochemicals with antagonistic fungi in Integrated Pest and Disease Management strategies or when transitioning to organic agriculture.Universidad de Costa Rica/[802-B8-510]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[809-C1-604]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[111-B7-176]/UCR/Costa RicaUniversidad de Costa Rica/[809-B9-662]/UCR/Costa RicaConsejo Nacional de Rectores/[809-B9-662]/CONARE/Costa RicaNational Science Foundation/[DEB-1638976]/NSF/Estados UnidosCentro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas/[FP-022-2019]/CENIBiot/Costa RicaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones/[FI-048B-19]/MICITT/Costa RicaMinisterio de Ciencia, Innovación, Tecnología y Telecomunicaciones/[FI-197B-17]/MICITT/Costa RicaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de BiologíaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de AgronomíaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Estación Experimental Agrícola Fabio Baudrit Moreno (EEAFBM)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro en Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA)engacceso abiertohttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessFrontiers in Agronomy, vol.3, pp.1-14.reponame:Kérwáinstname:Universidad de Costa Ricainstacron:UCRBiodegradationBioremediationEcotoxicityFungal endophytesOrganic agricultureTrichodermaTolerance and biological removal of fungicides by Trichoderma species isolated from the endosphere of wild Rubiaceae plantsartículo originalhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1info:eu-repo/semantics/articleORIGINALfagro-03-772170.pdffagro-03-772170.pdfArtículo principalapplication/pdf2315772https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/9cbd059d-9ef6-447f-a161-9a7f1959593a/download1c72d25a1e9fba11e39959641bfd83c4MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-83585https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/a0d51852-423f-4604-8e53-a02dde483556/download44ae5839bc6497e3c892c5ee8e4284f1MD52THUMBNAILfagro-03-772170.pdf.jpgfagro-03-772170.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg6821https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/ba5b6069-099e-486d-9ad1-0cdaca8bfe58/download4d0e120cd0fec920756c531700ea37a0MD53TEXTfagro-03-772170.pdf.txtfagro-03-772170.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain77320https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/bitstreams/b6ffb7f5-a673-4b9e-b979-f31a77d565d3/download6d94069a9f4b43420ce8bc8544ab92beMD5410669/857192024-08-22 05:09:06.091open.accessoai:kerwa.ucr.ac.cr:10669/85719https://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.crInstitucionalhttp://www.kerwa.ucr.ac.crUniversidadhttp://www.ucr.ac.crhttps://kerwa.ucr.ac.cr/oai/requestmeilyn.garro@ucr.ac.crCosta RicaNo aplicaNo aplicaNo aplicaopendoar:18712025-03-29T18:06:30.295Kérwá - Universidad de Costa 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
score 15,811543