The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions

Growing population and limited energy resources have impacted energy consumption. Limited fossil fuel resources and increased pollution threaten national and human societies. These elements emphasize energy sources. Renewable energy use affects growth. All new energy sources, including renewables, a...

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Autores: Candra, Oriza, Chammam, Abdeljelil, Núñez Alvarez, José Ricardo, Muda, Iskandar, Aybar, Hikmet Ş.
Formato: artículo
Estado:Versión publicada
Fecha de publicación:2023
País:Colombia
Recursos:Corporación Universidad de la Costa
Repositorio:Repositorio REDICUC
Idioma:inglés
OAI Identifier:oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10409
Acesso em linha:https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10409
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
Access Level:acceso abierto
Palavra-chave:Renewable energy source
GDP
CO2 emission
Economy
id CO_d0ca9377b4e3039d91ebc4fc41ccb2d5
oai_identifier_str oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/10409
network_acronym_str CO
network_name_str Colombia
repository_id_str
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions
title The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions
spellingShingle The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions
Candra, Oriza
Renewable energy source
GDP
CO2 emission
Economy
title_short The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions
title_full The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions
title_fullStr The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions
title_full_unstemmed The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions
title_sort The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissions
dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv Candra, Oriza
Chammam, Abdeljelil
Núñez Alvarez, José Ricardo
Muda, Iskandar
Aybar, Hikmet Ş.
author Candra, Oriza
author_facet Candra, Oriza
Chammam, Abdeljelil
Núñez Alvarez, José Ricardo
Muda, Iskandar
Aybar, Hikmet Ş.
author_role author
author2 Chammam, Abdeljelil
Núñez Alvarez, José Ricardo
Muda, Iskandar
Aybar, Hikmet Ş.
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv Renewable energy source
GDP
CO2 emission
Economy
topic Renewable energy source
GDP
CO2 emission
Economy
description Growing population and limited energy resources have impacted energy consumption. Limited fossil fuel resources and increased pollution threaten national and human societies. These elements emphasize energy sources. Renewable energy use affects growth. All new energy sources, including renewables, are crucial for global economic growth. Economic and environmental issues have led to new approaches in international environmental law, including the green economy. This study employs structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) to compare the effects and outcomes of increasing the use of renewable energy in the context of economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions in middle income countries (MICs) and high income countries (HICs). The results show that these indicators demonstrate that the production of energy from renewable sources has positive short-term and long-term economic effects with varying contributions. However, renewable energies have a greater impact on the green economy in selected MICs than in selected HICs. Therefore, the promotion of macroeconomic indicators is viewed as one of the reasons for the development of policies to increase energy production from renewable sources in selected countries.
publishDate 2023
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2023-08-24T19:16:29Z
2023-08-24T19:16:29Z
2023-01-22
dc.type.none.fl_str_mv Artículo de revista
http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1
Text
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info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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format article
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dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv Candra, O.; Chammam, A.; Alvarez, J.R.N.; Muda, I.; Aybar, H. ¸S. The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on the Sustainable Development of the Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032104
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10409
10.3390/su15032104
2071-1050
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
identifier_str_mv Candra, O.; Chammam, A.; Alvarez, J.R.N.; Muda, I.; Aybar, H. ¸S. The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on the Sustainable Development of the Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032104
10.3390/su15032104
2071-1050
Corporación Universidad de la Costa
REDICUC - Repositorio CUC
url https://hdl.handle.net/11323/10409
https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/
dc.language.none.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Sustainability
1. Yavari, F.; Salehi Neyshabouri, S.A.; Yazdi, J.; Molajou, A.; Brysiewicz, A. A Novel Framework for Urban Flood Damage Assessment. Water Resour. Manag. 2022, 36, 1991–2011. [CrossRef]
2. Azizi, H.; Nejatian, N. Evaluation of the Climate Change Impact on the Intensity and Return Period for Drought Indices of SPI and SPEI (Study Area: Varamin Plain). Water Supply 2022, 22, 4373–4386. [CrossRef]
3. Molajou, A.; Afshar, A.; Khosravi, M.; Soleimanian, E.; Vahabzadeh, M.; Variani, H.A. A New Paradigm of Water, Food, and Energy Nexus. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
4. Molajou, A.; Pouladi, P.; Afshar, A. Incorporating Social System into Water-Food-Energy Nexus. Water Resour. Manag. 2021, 35, 4561–4580. [CrossRef]
5. Afshar, A.; Soleimanian, E.; Akbari Variani, H.; Vahabzadeh, M.; Molajou, A. The Conceptual Framework to Determine Interrelations and Interactions for Holistic Water, Energy, and Food Nexus. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2022, 24, 10119–10140. [CrossRef]
6. Sharifpur, M.; Ahmadi, M.H.; Rungamornrat, J.; Malek Mohsen, F. Thermal Management of Solar Photovoltaic Cell by Using Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)/Water: Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11523. [CrossRef]
7. Kandemir, S.Y.; Yayli, M.O.; Acikkalp, E. Assessment of Electric Energy Generation Using Wind Energy in Turkey. In Proceedings of the 7th Iran Wind Energy Conference (IWEC2021), Shahrood, Iran, 17–18 May 2021; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2021; pp. 1–3.
8. Coban, V.; Guler, E.; Kilic, T.; Kandemir, S.Y. Precipitation Forecasting in Marmara Region of Turkey. Arab. J. Geosci. 2021, 14, 86. [CrossRef]
9. Li, L.; Lin, J.; Wu, N.; Xie, S.; Meng, C.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Y. Review and Outlook on the International Renewable Energy Development. Energy Built Environ. 2022, 3, 139–157. [CrossRef]
10. Zou, C.; Xiong, B.; Xue, H.; Zheng, D.; Ge, Z.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, L.; Pan, S.; Wu, S. The Role of New Energy in Carbon Neutral. Pet. Explor. Dev. 2021, 48, 480–491. [CrossRef]
11. Abdullah, W.S.W.; Osman, M.; Kadir, M.Z.A.A.; Verayiah, R. The Potential and Status of Renewable Energy Development in Malaysia. Energies 2019, 12, 2437. [CrossRef]
12. Qadir, S.A.; Al-Motairi, H.; Tahir, F.; Al-Fagih, L. Incentives and Strategies for Financing the Renewable Energy Transition: A Review. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 3590–3606. [CrossRef]
13. Khan, I.S.; Ahmad, M.O.; Majava, J. Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Development: A Systematic Mapping of Triple Bottom Line, Circular Economy and Sustainable Business Models Perspectives. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 297, 126655. [CrossRef]
14. Markaki, M.; Belegri-Roboli, A.; Michaelides, P.; Mirasgedis, S.; Lalas, D.P. The Impact of Clean Energy Investments on the Greek Economy: An Input–Output Analysis (2010–2020). Energy Policy 2013, 57, 263–275. [CrossRef]
15. Colombo, E.; Mercorio, F.; Mezzanzanica, M. AI Meets Labor Market: Exploring the Link between Automation and Skills. Inf. Econ. Policy 2019, 47, 27–37. [CrossRef]
16. Potrˇc, S.; Cuˇcek, L.; Martin, M.; Kravanja, Z. Sustainable Renewable Energy Supply Networks Optimization—The Gradual ˇ Transition to a Renewable Energy System within the European Union by 2050. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 146, 111186. [CrossRef]
17. Alawida, M.; Samsudin, A.; Teh, J. Sen Enhanced Digital Chaotic Maps Based on Bit Reversal with Applications in Random Bit Generators. Inf. Sci. 2020, 512, 1155–1169. [CrossRef]
18. Smirnova, E.; Kot, S.; Kolpak, E.; Shestak, V. Governmental Support and Renewable Energy Production: A Cross-Country Review. Energy 2021, 230, 120903. [CrossRef]
19. Wang, B.; Zhao, W. Interplay of Renewable Energy Investment Efficiency, Shareholder Control and Green Financial Development in China. Renew. Energy 2022, 199, 192–203. [CrossRef]
20. Yuping, L.; Ramzan, M.; Xincheng, L.; Murshed, M.; Awosusi, A.A.; BAH, S.I.; Adebayo, T.S. Determinants of Carbon Emissions in Argentina: The Roles of Renewable Energy Consumption and Globalization. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 4747–4760. [CrossRef]
21. Zahraoui, Y.; Basir Khan, M.R.; Alhamrouni, I.; Mekhilef, S.; Ahmed, M. Current Status, Scenario, and Prospective of Renewable Energy in Algeria: A Review. Energies 2021, 14, 2354. [CrossRef]
22. Li, R.; Leung, G.C.K. The Relationship between Energy Prices, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy Consumption: Evidence from Europe. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 1712–1719. [CrossRef]
23. Levenda, A.M.; Behrsin, I.; Disano, F. Renewable Energy for Whom? A Global Systematic Review of the Environmental Justice Implications of Renewable Energy Technologies. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2021, 71, 101837. [CrossRef]
24. Belaïd, F.; Zrelli, M.H. Renewable and Non-Renewable Electricity Consumption, Environmental Degradation and Economic Development: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries. Energy Policy 2019, 133, 110929. [CrossRef]
25. Pata, U.K. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Complexity, CO2 Emissions, and Ecological Footprint in the USA: Testing the EKC Hypothesis with a Structural Break. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 846–861. [CrossRef]
26. Wall, W.P.; Khalid, B.; Urba ´nski, M.; Kot, M. Factors Influencing Consumer’s Adoption of Renewable Energy. Energies 2021, 14, 5420. [CrossRef]
27. Jin, L.; Chang, Y.; Wang, M.; Zheng, X.; Yang, J.; Gu, J. The Dynamics of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Economic Development: Evidence from the Top 28 Greenhouse Gas Emitters. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 36565–36574. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
28. Wang, Q.; Wang, L.; Li, R. Trade Protectionism Jeopardizes Carbon Neutrality—Decoupling and Breakpoints Roles of Trade Openness. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 35, 201–215. [CrossRef]
29. Wang, Q.; Zhang, F.; Li, R. Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in 208 Counties: The Roles of Trade Openness, Human Capital, Renewable Energy and Natural Resource Rent. Environ. Res. 2023, 216, 114637. [CrossRef]
30. Wang, Q.; Yang, T.; Li, R. Does Income Inequality Reshape the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis? A Nonlinear Panel Data Analysis. Environ. Res. 2023, 216, 114575. [CrossRef]
31. Li, R.; Wang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, R. Per-Capita Carbon Emissions in 147 Countries: The Effect of Economic, Energy, Social, and Trade Structural Changes. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2021, 27, 1149–1164. [CrossRef]
32. Pao, H.-T.; Li, Y.-Y. Hsin-Chia Fu Clean Energy, Non-Clean Energy, and Economic Growth in the MIST Countries. Energy Policy 2014, 67, 932–942. [CrossRef]
33. Cho, S.; Heo, E.; Kim, J. Causal Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Comparison between Developed and Less-Developed Countries. Geosyst. Eng. 2015, 18, 284–291. [CrossRef]
34. Hdom, H.A.D. Examining Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Fossil & Renewable Electricity Generation and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of South American Countries. Renew. Energy 2019, 139, 186–197. [CrossRef]
35. Wang, R.; Hsu, S.-C.; Zheng, S.; Chen, J.-H.; Li, X.I. Renewable Energy Microgrids: Economic Evaluation and Decision Making for Government Policies to Contribute to Affordable and Clean Energy. Appl. Energy 2020, 274, 115287. [CrossRef]
36. Bisello, A.; Grilli, G.; Balest, J.; Stellin, G.; Ciolli, M. Co-Benefits of Smart and Sustainable Energy District Projects: An Overview of Economic Assessment Methodologies. In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 127–164. ISBN 9783319448992.
37. Fantom, N.; Serajuddin, U. The World Bank’s Classification of Countries by Income; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2016.
38. Lopez, L.; Weber, S. Testing for Granger Causality in Panel Data. Stata J. 2017, 17, 972–984. [CrossRef]
39. Wang, Q.; Li, L.; Li, R. Uncovering the Impact of Income Inequality and Population Aging on Carbon Emission Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis of 139 Countries. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 857, 159508. [CrossRef]
40. Wilcox, R. Regression: Determining Which of p Independent Variables Has the Largest or Smallest Correlation with the Dependent Variable, Plus Results on Ordering the Correlations Winsorized. J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods 2020, 18, 8. [CrossRef]
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44. Wang, Q.; Wang, L. Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in OECD Countries: A Nonlinear Panel Data Analysis. Energy 2020, 207, 118200. [CrossRef]
11
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dc.rights.none.fl_str_mv © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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spelling The impact of renewable energy sources on the sustainable development of the economy and greenhouse gas emissionsCandra, OrizaChammam, AbdeljelilNúñez Alvarez, José RicardoMuda, IskandarAybar, Hikmet Ş.Renewable energy sourceGDPCO2 emissionEconomyGrowing population and limited energy resources have impacted energy consumption. Limited fossil fuel resources and increased pollution threaten national and human societies. These elements emphasize energy sources. Renewable energy use affects growth. All new energy sources, including renewables, are crucial for global economic growth. Economic and environmental issues have led to new approaches in international environmental law, including the green economy. This study employs structural vector auto-regression (SVAR) to compare the effects and outcomes of increasing the use of renewable energy in the context of economic growth and greenhouse gas emissions in middle income countries (MICs) and high income countries (HICs). The results show that these indicators demonstrate that the production of energy from renewable sources has positive short-term and long-term economic effects with varying contributions. However, renewable energies have a greater impact on the green economy in selected MICs than in selected HICs. Therefore, the promotion of macroeconomic indicators is viewed as one of the reasons for the development of policies to increase energy production from renewable sources in selected countries.MDPI AGSwitzerland2023-08-24T19:16:29Z2023-08-24T19:16:29Z2023-01-22Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8511 páginasapplication/pdfapplication/pdfCandra, O.; Chammam, A.; Alvarez, J.R.N.; Muda, I.; Aybar, H. ¸S. The Impact of Renewable Energy Sources on the Sustainable Development of the Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Sustainability 2023, 15, 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032104https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1040910.3390/su150321042071-1050Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/3/2104reponame:Repositorio REDICUCinstname:Corporación Universidad de la Costainstacron:Corporación Universidad de la CostaengSustainability1. Yavari, F.; Salehi Neyshabouri, S.A.; Yazdi, J.; Molajou, A.; Brysiewicz, A. A Novel Framework for Urban Flood Damage Assessment. Water Resour. Manag. 2022, 36, 1991–2011. [CrossRef]2. Azizi, H.; Nejatian, N. Evaluation of the Climate Change Impact on the Intensity and Return Period for Drought Indices of SPI and SPEI (Study Area: Varamin Plain). Water Supply 2022, 22, 4373–4386. [CrossRef]3. Molajou, A.; Afshar, A.; Khosravi, M.; Soleimanian, E.; Vahabzadeh, M.; Variani, H.A. A New Paradigm of Water, Food, and Energy Nexus. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021. [CrossRef] [PubMed]4. Molajou, A.; Pouladi, P.; Afshar, A. Incorporating Social System into Water-Food-Energy Nexus. Water Resour. Manag. 2021, 35, 4561–4580. [CrossRef]5. Afshar, A.; Soleimanian, E.; Akbari Variani, H.; Vahabzadeh, M.; Molajou, A. The Conceptual Framework to Determine Interrelations and Interactions for Holistic Water, Energy, and Food Nexus. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 2022, 24, 10119–10140. [CrossRef]6. Sharifpur, M.; Ahmadi, M.H.; Rungamornrat, J.; Malek Mohsen, F. Thermal Management of Solar Photovoltaic Cell by Using Single Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT)/Water: Numerical Simulation and Sensitivity Analysis. Sustainability 2022, 14, 11523. [CrossRef]7. Kandemir, S.Y.; Yayli, M.O.; Acikkalp, E. Assessment of Electric Energy Generation Using Wind Energy in Turkey. In Proceedings of the 7th Iran Wind Energy Conference (IWEC2021), Shahrood, Iran, 17–18 May 2021; IEEE: Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2021; pp. 1–3.8. Coban, V.; Guler, E.; Kilic, T.; Kandemir, S.Y. Precipitation Forecasting in Marmara Region of Turkey. Arab. J. Geosci. 2021, 14, 86. [CrossRef]9. Li, L.; Lin, J.; Wu, N.; Xie, S.; Meng, C.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, X.; Zhao, Y. Review and Outlook on the International Renewable Energy Development. Energy Built Environ. 2022, 3, 139–157. [CrossRef]10. Zou, C.; Xiong, B.; Xue, H.; Zheng, D.; Ge, Z.; Wang, Y.; Jiang, L.; Pan, S.; Wu, S. The Role of New Energy in Carbon Neutral. Pet. Explor. Dev. 2021, 48, 480–491. [CrossRef]11. Abdullah, W.S.W.; Osman, M.; Kadir, M.Z.A.A.; Verayiah, R. The Potential and Status of Renewable Energy Development in Malaysia. Energies 2019, 12, 2437. [CrossRef]12. Qadir, S.A.; Al-Motairi, H.; Tahir, F.; Al-Fagih, L. Incentives and Strategies for Financing the Renewable Energy Transition: A Review. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 3590–3606. [CrossRef]13. Khan, I.S.; Ahmad, M.O.; Majava, J. Industry 4.0 and Sustainable Development: A Systematic Mapping of Triple Bottom Line, Circular Economy and Sustainable Business Models Perspectives. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 297, 126655. [CrossRef]14. Markaki, M.; Belegri-Roboli, A.; Michaelides, P.; Mirasgedis, S.; Lalas, D.P. The Impact of Clean Energy Investments on the Greek Economy: An Input–Output Analysis (2010–2020). Energy Policy 2013, 57, 263–275. [CrossRef]15. Colombo, E.; Mercorio, F.; Mezzanzanica, M. AI Meets Labor Market: Exploring the Link between Automation and Skills. Inf. Econ. Policy 2019, 47, 27–37. [CrossRef]16. Potrˇc, S.; Cuˇcek, L.; Martin, M.; Kravanja, Z. Sustainable Renewable Energy Supply Networks Optimization—The Gradual ˇ Transition to a Renewable Energy System within the European Union by 2050. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2021, 146, 111186. [CrossRef]17. Alawida, M.; Samsudin, A.; Teh, J. Sen Enhanced Digital Chaotic Maps Based on Bit Reversal with Applications in Random Bit Generators. Inf. Sci. 2020, 512, 1155–1169. [CrossRef]18. Smirnova, E.; Kot, S.; Kolpak, E.; Shestak, V. Governmental Support and Renewable Energy Production: A Cross-Country Review. Energy 2021, 230, 120903. [CrossRef]19. Wang, B.; Zhao, W. Interplay of Renewable Energy Investment Efficiency, Shareholder Control and Green Financial Development in China. Renew. Energy 2022, 199, 192–203. [CrossRef]20. Yuping, L.; Ramzan, M.; Xincheng, L.; Murshed, M.; Awosusi, A.A.; BAH, S.I.; Adebayo, T.S. Determinants of Carbon Emissions in Argentina: The Roles of Renewable Energy Consumption and Globalization. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 4747–4760. [CrossRef]21. Zahraoui, Y.; Basir Khan, M.R.; Alhamrouni, I.; Mekhilef, S.; Ahmed, M. Current Status, Scenario, and Prospective of Renewable Energy in Algeria: A Review. Energies 2021, 14, 2354. [CrossRef]22. Li, R.; Leung, G.C.K. The Relationship between Energy Prices, Economic Growth and Renewable Energy Consumption: Evidence from Europe. Energy Rep. 2021, 7, 1712–1719. [CrossRef]23. Levenda, A.M.; Behrsin, I.; Disano, F. Renewable Energy for Whom? A Global Systematic Review of the Environmental Justice Implications of Renewable Energy Technologies. Energy Res. Soc. Sci. 2021, 71, 101837. [CrossRef]24. Belaïd, F.; Zrelli, M.H. Renewable and Non-Renewable Electricity Consumption, Environmental Degradation and Economic Development: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries. Energy Policy 2019, 133, 110929. [CrossRef]25. Pata, U.K. Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Complexity, CO2 Emissions, and Ecological Footprint in the USA: Testing the EKC Hypothesis with a Structural Break. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 846–861. [CrossRef]26. Wall, W.P.; Khalid, B.; Urba ´nski, M.; Kot, M. Factors Influencing Consumer’s Adoption of Renewable Energy. Energies 2021, 14, 5420. [CrossRef]27. Jin, L.; Chang, Y.; Wang, M.; Zheng, X.; Yang, J.; Gu, J. The Dynamics of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, and Economic Development: Evidence from the Top 28 Greenhouse Gas Emitters. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 36565–36574. [CrossRef] [PubMed]28. Wang, Q.; Wang, L.; Li, R. Trade Protectionism Jeopardizes Carbon Neutrality—Decoupling and Breakpoints Roles of Trade Openness. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2023, 35, 201–215. [CrossRef]29. Wang, Q.; Zhang, F.; Li, R. Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in 208 Counties: The Roles of Trade Openness, Human Capital, Renewable Energy and Natural Resource Rent. Environ. Res. 2023, 216, 114637. [CrossRef]30. Wang, Q.; Yang, T.; Li, R. Does Income Inequality Reshape the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) Hypothesis? A Nonlinear Panel Data Analysis. Environ. Res. 2023, 216, 114575. [CrossRef]31. Li, R.; Wang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Jiang, R. Per-Capita Carbon Emissions in 147 Countries: The Effect of Economic, Energy, Social, and Trade Structural Changes. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2021, 27, 1149–1164. [CrossRef]32. Pao, H.-T.; Li, Y.-Y. Hsin-Chia Fu Clean Energy, Non-Clean Energy, and Economic Growth in the MIST Countries. Energy Policy 2014, 67, 932–942. [CrossRef]33. Cho, S.; Heo, E.; Kim, J. Causal Relationship between Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Comparison between Developed and Less-Developed Countries. Geosyst. Eng. 2015, 18, 284–291. [CrossRef]34. Hdom, H.A.D. Examining Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Fossil & Renewable Electricity Generation and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of South American Countries. Renew. Energy 2019, 139, 186–197. [CrossRef]35. Wang, R.; Hsu, S.-C.; Zheng, S.; Chen, J.-H.; Li, X.I. Renewable Energy Microgrids: Economic Evaluation and Decision Making for Government Policies to Contribute to Affordable and Clean Energy. Appl. Energy 2020, 274, 115287. [CrossRef]36. Bisello, A.; Grilli, G.; Balest, J.; Stellin, G.; Ciolli, M. Co-Benefits of Smart and Sustainable Energy District Projects: An Overview of Economic Assessment Methodologies. In Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 127–164. ISBN 9783319448992.37. Fantom, N.; Serajuddin, U. The World Bank’s Classification of Countries by Income; World Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2016.38. Lopez, L.; Weber, S. Testing for Granger Causality in Panel Data. Stata J. 2017, 17, 972–984. [CrossRef]39. Wang, Q.; Li, L.; Li, R. Uncovering the Impact of Income Inequality and Population Aging on Carbon Emission Efficiency: An Empirical Analysis of 139 Countries. Sci. Total Environ. 2023, 857, 159508. [CrossRef]40. Wilcox, R. Regression: Determining Which of p Independent Variables Has the Largest or Smallest Correlation with the Dependent Variable, Plus Results on Ordering the Correlations Winsorized. J. Mod. Appl. Stat. Methods 2020, 18, 8. [CrossRef]41. 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