Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a material that has high compactness, low porosity, and high mechanical strength, with especially high tensile strength. Due to these characteristics, the behavior of the material when exposed to high temperatures is debatable. The high amount of fibers in t...
| Autores: | , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Tipo de recurso: | artículo |
| Estado: | Versión publicada |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2023 |
| País: | Colombia |
| Institución: | Corporación Universidad de la Costa |
| Repositorio: | Repositorio REDICUC |
| Idioma: | inglés |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:repositorio.cuc.edu.co:11323/13673 |
| Acceso en línea: | https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13673 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | Ultra-high performance concrete High temperature Columns Steel fiber Curing concrete |
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Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing |
| title |
Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing |
| spellingShingle |
Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing Christ, Roberto Ultra-high performance concrete High temperature Columns Steel fiber Curing concrete |
| title_short |
Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing |
| title_full |
Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing |
| title_fullStr |
Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing |
| title_sort |
Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curing |
| dc.creator.none.fl_str_mv |
Christ, Roberto Lerner, Lucas Rafael Ehrenbring, Hinoel Z. Pacheco, Fernanda Bolina, Fabricio L. Poleto, Giovana Gil, Augusto Masiero Tutikian, Bernardo F. |
| author |
Christ, Roberto |
| author_facet |
Christ, Roberto Lerner, Lucas Rafael Ehrenbring, Hinoel Z. Pacheco, Fernanda Bolina, Fabricio L. Poleto, Giovana Gil, Augusto Masiero Tutikian, Bernardo F. |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Lerner, Lucas Rafael Ehrenbring, Hinoel Z. Pacheco, Fernanda Bolina, Fabricio L. Poleto, Giovana Gil, Augusto Masiero Tutikian, Bernardo F. |
| author2_role |
author author author author author author author |
| dc.subject.none.fl_str_mv |
Ultra-high performance concrete High temperature Columns Steel fiber Curing concrete |
| topic |
Ultra-high performance concrete High temperature Columns Steel fiber Curing concrete |
| description |
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a material that has high compactness, low porosity, and high mechanical strength, with especially high tensile strength. Due to these characteristics, the behavior of the material when exposed to high temperatures is debatable. The high amount of fibers in the mixture, which makes UHPC present a high tensile strength, is seen as one of the arguments for the good performance of the material when exposed to high temperatures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behaviors of ultra-high-performance concrete columns with hybrid steel and polypropylene fibers and no loose reinforcements when subjected to elevated temperatures after 180 days of curing. The exposure of concrete with a low age, less than 90 days, to high temperatures results in greater damage to the concrete due to spalling, and because of this, this study sought to evaluate the UHPC with a higher age. Two columns were manufactured with a cross-section of 250 mm × 250 mm and a height of 2800 mm. A heating regime followed the heating curve of standard ISO 834-1. The physical characteristics of the samples were evaluated during and after exposure to high temperatures with measurements of the decreases in the cross-section and surface aspect. Effects on the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and apparent density were evaluated with cylindrical test bodies of 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height. These samples were cured for 180 days, subjected to the same heating regime, and evaluated after cooling. The results showed an increase in the compressive strength with an increasing temperature up to a factor of 30% at a temperature of 400 °C. The modulus of elasticity and apparent density decreased gradually as the temperature increased, with maximum decreases of 29% and 6%, respectively. Throughout heating, audible cracks were heard from the columns because of spalling. The spalling frequency peaked at an oven temperature of 600 °C, and testing was suspended at 78 min after the complete rupture of a column section. On average, 46.5% of the column cross-sections suffered from spalling. |
| publishDate |
2023 |
| dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-09-05 2024-11-12T13:22:30Z 2024-11-12T13:22:30Z |
| dc.type.none.fl_str_mv |
Artículo de revista http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1 Text info:eu-repo/semantics/article http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ART info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 |
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article |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.none.fl_str_mv |
Christ, R.; Lerner, L.R.; Ehrenbring, H.Z.; Pacheco, F.; Bolina, F.L.; Poleto, G.; Gil, A.M.; Tutikian, B.F. Evaluation of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Columns at High Temperatures after 180 Days of Curing. Buildings 2023, 13, 2254. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092254 2075-5309 https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13673 10.3390/buildings13092254 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| identifier_str_mv |
Christ, R.; Lerner, L.R.; Ehrenbring, H.Z.; Pacheco, F.; Bolina, F.L.; Poleto, G.; Gil, A.M.; Tutikian, B.F. Evaluation of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Columns at High Temperatures after 180 Days of Curing. Buildings 2023, 13, 2254. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13092254 2075-5309 10.3390/buildings13092254 Corporación Universidad de la Costa REDICUC - Repositorio CUC |
| url |
https://hdl.handle.net/11323/13673 https://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/ |
| dc.language.none.fl_str_mv |
eng |
| language |
eng |
| dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
Buildings Christ, R. Proposição de um Método de Dosagem Para Concretos de Ultra Alto Desempenho (UHPC); Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos: Unisinos, Brazil, 2019. Torregrosa, E.C. Dosage Optimization and Bolted Connections for UHPFRC Ties. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain, 2013. ACI. ACI Committee 239 Ultra-High Performance Concrete 2012 ACI Fall Convention; ACI Fall Convention: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2013; pp. 5–8. NF P18-470; Concrete—Ultra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrrte—Specifications, Performance, Production and Conformity. Association Française de Normalisation: La Plaine Saint-Denis, France, 2016; 94p. Perry, V.; Alberta, C.; Guilherme, A.P. Nova Fronteira Para o Concreto; Revista Estrutura: São Paulo, Brazil, 2019; pp. 25–33. Christ, R.; Tutikian, B. Study of pressure and curing temperature in reactive powder concretes (RPC) with different amounts of metallic microfibers. Rev. La Constr. 2013, 12, 30–38. [CrossRef] Resplendino, J. Ultra high performance concrete: New AFGC recommendations. In Designing and Building with UHPFRC; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013; pp. 713–722. [CrossRef] Fehling, E.; Schmidt, M.; Walraven, J.; Leutbecher, T.; Frihlich, S. Ultra-High Performance Concrete UHPC: Fundamentals, Design, Examples; Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015. [CrossRef] Bolina, F.L. Avaliação Experimental da Influência dos Requisitos de Durabilidade na Segurança Contra Incêndio de Protóptipos de Pilares Pré-Fabricados de Concreto Armado. Master’s Thesis, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil, 2016; 170p. Hennemann, G.G.; Gil, A.M.; Fernandes, B.; Bolina, F.L.; Tutikian, B.F. Avaliação teórico-experimental da influência da espessura de alvenaria na resistência ao fogo de sistemas verticais de vedação. Ambient. Const. 2017, 17, 183–195. [CrossRef] Kodur, V. Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures; Hindawi Publishing Corporation: London, UK, 2014; pp. 1–15. [CrossRef] Xiong, M.X.; Liew, J.Y.R. Spalling behavior and residual resistance of fibre reinforced Ultra-High performance concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Mater. Constr. 2015, 65, 2–10. [CrossRef] Gil, A.; Pacheco, F.; Christ, R.; Bolina, F.; Khayat, K.H.; Tutikian, B. Comparative study of concrete panels’ fire resistance. ACI Mater. J. 2017, 114, 2017. [CrossRef] FIB. FIB 38—Fire Design of Concrete Structures; Fédération Internationale du Béton (FIB): Lausanne, Switzerland, 2008; Volume 38, p. 106. [CrossRef] Li, Y.; Tan, K.H.; Yang, E.H. Synergistic effects of hybrid polypropylene and steel fibers on explosive spalling prevention of ultra-high performance concrete at elevated temperature. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2018, 96, 174–181. [CrossRef] Zhang, D.; Dasari, A.; Hai, K. On the mechanism of prevention of explosive spalling in ultra-high performance concrete with polymer fibers. Cem. Concr. Res. 2018, 113, 169–177. [CrossRef] Dias, D.M.; Calmon, J.L.; Vieira, G.L. Polymeric fiber reinforced concrete exposed to fire. Rev. ALCONPAT 2020, 10, 36–52. [CrossRef] Sanchayan, S.; Foster, S.J. High temperature behaviour of hybrid steel–PVA fibre reinforced reactive powder concrete. Mater. Struct. Mater. Constr. 2016, 49, 769–782. [CrossRef] Choe, G.; Kim, G.; Gucunski, N.; Lee, S. Evaluation of the mechanical properties of 200 MPa ultra-high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures and residual strength of column. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 86, 159–168. [CrossRef] Zheng, W.; Wang, Y. Microstructure and mechanical properties of RPC containing PP fibres at elevated temperatures. Mag. Concr. Res. 2014, 66, 397–408. [CrossRef] Li, Y.; Pimienta, P.; Pinoteau, N.; Tan, K.H. Effect of aggregate size and inclusion of polypropylene and steel fibers on explosive spalling and pore pressure in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) at elevated temperature. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2019, 99, 62–71. [CrossRef] Gravit, M.; Golub, E. Increase of fire resistance of reinforced concrete structures with polypropylene microfiber. In MATEC Web of Conferences; EDP Sciences: Yulis, France, 2018. [CrossRef] Adesina, A. Overview of the in fl uence of waste materials on the thermal conductivity of cementitious composites. Clean Eng. Technol. 2020, 2, 100046. [CrossRef] Abid, M.; Hou, X.; Zheng, W.; Hussain, R.R. High temperature and residual properties of reactive powder concrete—A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 147, 339–351. [CrossRef] Kodur, V.K.R.; Cheng, F.-P.; Wang, T.-C.; Sultan, M.A. Effect of strength and fiber reinforcement on fire resistance of high-strength concrete columns. J. Struct. Eng. 2003, 129, 253–259. [CrossRef] Bolina, F.L.; Gil, A.M.; Fernandes, B.; Hennemann, G.G.; Goncalves, J.; Tutikian, B.F. Influence of design durability on concrete columns fire performance. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 4968–4977. [CrossRef] Manica, G.C.; Bolina, F.L.; Tutikian, B.F.; Oliveira, M.; Moreira, M.A. Influence of curing time on the fire performance of solid reinforced concrete plates. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 2506–2512. [CrossRef] Lee, N.K.; Koh, K.T.; Park, S.H.; Ryu, G.S. Microstructural investigation of calcium aluminate cement-based ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) exposed to high temperatures. Cem. Concr. Res. 2017, 102, 109–118. [CrossRef] Morales, D.S.; Ríos, J.D.; La Concha, A.M.D.; Cifuentes, H.; Jiménez, J.R.; Fernández, J.M. Effect of moderate temperatures on compressive strength of ultra-high performance concrete: A microstructurak analysis. Cem. Concr. Res. 2021, 140, 19. [CrossRef] Peng, G.F.; Chan, S.Y.N.; Anson, M. Chemical kinetics of C-S-H decomposition in hardened cement paste subjected to elevated temperatures up to 800 ◦C. Adv. Cem. Res. 2001, 13, 47–52. [CrossRef] Xuan, D.X.; Shui, Z.H. Rehydration activity of hydrated cement paste exposed to high temperature. Fire Mater. 2011, 35, 481–490. [CrossRef] Kahanji, C.; Ali, F.; Nadjai, A. Experimental study of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete under ISO 834 fire. In Proceeding of the Ninth International Conference on Structures in Fire, Princeton, NJ, USA, 8–10 June 2016; DEStech Publications, Inc.: Lancaster, PA, USA, 2016; Volume 165. [CrossRef] Zhang, Y.; Wei, Y.; Bai, J.; Wu, G.; Dong, Z. A novel seawater and sea sand concrete filled FRP-carbon steel composite tube column: Concept and behaviour. Compos. Struct. 2020, 246, 13. [CrossRef] Mehta, P.K.; Monteiro, P.J. Concreto microestrutura, propriedades e materiais. In Ibracon, 4th ed.; Ibracon: São Paulo, Brazil, 2014. 13 1 9 13 |
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© 2023 by the authors. Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 |
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Evaluation of ultra-high-performance concrete columns at high temperatures after 180 days of curingChrist, RobertoLerner, Lucas RafaelEhrenbring, Hinoel Z.Pacheco, FernandaBolina, Fabricio L.Poleto, GiovanaGil, Augusto MasieroTutikian, Bernardo F.Ultra-high performance concreteHigh temperatureColumnsSteel fiberCuring concreteUltra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a material that has high compactness, low porosity, and high mechanical strength, with especially high tensile strength. Due to these characteristics, the behavior of the material when exposed to high temperatures is debatable. The high amount of fibers in the mixture, which makes UHPC present a high tensile strength, is seen as one of the arguments for the good performance of the material when exposed to high temperatures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behaviors of ultra-high-performance concrete columns with hybrid steel and polypropylene fibers and no loose reinforcements when subjected to elevated temperatures after 180 days of curing. The exposure of concrete with a low age, less than 90 days, to high temperatures results in greater damage to the concrete due to spalling, and because of this, this study sought to evaluate the UHPC with a higher age. Two columns were manufactured with a cross-section of 250 mm × 250 mm and a height of 2800 mm. A heating regime followed the heating curve of standard ISO 834-1. The physical characteristics of the samples were evaluated during and after exposure to high temperatures with measurements of the decreases in the cross-section and surface aspect. Effects on the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, and apparent density were evaluated with cylindrical test bodies of 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in height. These samples were cured for 180 days, subjected to the same heating regime, and evaluated after cooling. The results showed an increase in the compressive strength with an increasing temperature up to a factor of 30% at a temperature of 400 °C. The modulus of elasticity and apparent density decreased gradually as the temperature increased, with maximum decreases of 29% and 6%, respectively. Throughout heating, audible cracks were heard from the columns because of spalling. The spalling frequency peaked at an oven temperature of 600 °C, and testing was suspended at 78 min after the complete rupture of a column section. On average, 46.5% of the column cross-sections suffered from spalling.Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)Switzerland2024-11-12T13:22:30Z2024-11-12T13:22:30Z2023-09-05Artículo de revistahttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_2df8fbb1Textinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionhttp://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a8513 páginasapplication/pdfapplication/pdfChrist, R.; Lerner, L.R.; Ehrenbring, H.Z.; Pacheco, F.; Bolina, F.L.; Poleto, G.; Gil, A.M.; Tutikian, B.F. Evaluation of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Columns at High Temperatures after 180 Days of Curing. Buildings 2023, 13, 2254. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings130922542075-5309https://hdl.handle.net/11323/1367310.3390/buildings13092254Corporación Universidad de la CostaREDICUC - Repositorio CUChttps://repositorio.cuc.edu.co/https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/13/9/2254reponame:Repositorio REDICUCinstname:Corporación Universidad de la Costainstacron:Corporación Universidad de la CostaengBuildingsChrist, R. Proposição de um Método de Dosagem Para Concretos de Ultra Alto Desempenho (UHPC); Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos: Unisinos, Brazil, 2019.Torregrosa, E.C. Dosage Optimization and Bolted Connections for UHPFRC Ties. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain, 2013.ACI. ACI Committee 239 Ultra-High Performance Concrete 2012 ACI Fall Convention; ACI Fall Convention: Toronto, ON, Canada, 2013; pp. 5–8.NF P18-470; Concrete—Ultra-High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concrrte—Specifications, Performance, Production and Conformity. Association Française de Normalisation: La Plaine Saint-Denis, France, 2016; 94p.Perry, V.; Alberta, C.; Guilherme, A.P. Nova Fronteira Para o Concreto; Revista Estrutura: São Paulo, Brazil, 2019; pp. 25–33.Christ, R.; Tutikian, B. Study of pressure and curing temperature in reactive powder concretes (RPC) with different amounts of metallic microfibers. Rev. La Constr. 2013, 12, 30–38. [CrossRef]Resplendino, J. Ultra high performance concrete: New AFGC recommendations. In Designing and Building with UHPFRC; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2013; pp. 713–722. [CrossRef]Fehling, E.; Schmidt, M.; Walraven, J.; Leutbecher, T.; Frihlich, S. Ultra-High Performance Concrete UHPC: Fundamentals, Design, Examples; Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015. [CrossRef]Bolina, F.L. Avaliação Experimental da Influência dos Requisitos de Durabilidade na Segurança Contra Incêndio de Protóptipos de Pilares Pré-Fabricados de Concreto Armado. Master’s Thesis, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Brazil, 2016; 170p.Hennemann, G.G.; Gil, A.M.; Fernandes, B.; Bolina, F.L.; Tutikian, B.F. Avaliação teórico-experimental da influência da espessura de alvenaria na resistência ao fogo de sistemas verticais de vedação. Ambient. Const. 2017, 17, 183–195. [CrossRef]Kodur, V. Properties of Concrete at Elevated Temperatures; Hindawi Publishing Corporation: London, UK, 2014; pp. 1–15. [CrossRef]Xiong, M.X.; Liew, J.Y.R. Spalling behavior and residual resistance of fibre reinforced Ultra-High performance concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Mater. Constr. 2015, 65, 2–10. [CrossRef]Gil, A.; Pacheco, F.; Christ, R.; Bolina, F.; Khayat, K.H.; Tutikian, B. Comparative study of concrete panels’ fire resistance. ACI Mater. J. 2017, 114, 2017. [CrossRef]FIB. FIB 38—Fire Design of Concrete Structures; Fédération Internationale du Béton (FIB): Lausanne, Switzerland, 2008; Volume 38, p. 106. [CrossRef]Li, Y.; Tan, K.H.; Yang, E.H. Synergistic effects of hybrid polypropylene and steel fibers on explosive spalling prevention of ultra-high performance concrete at elevated temperature. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2018, 96, 174–181. [CrossRef]Zhang, D.; Dasari, A.; Hai, K. On the mechanism of prevention of explosive spalling in ultra-high performance concrete with polymer fibers. Cem. Concr. Res. 2018, 113, 169–177. [CrossRef]Dias, D.M.; Calmon, J.L.; Vieira, G.L. Polymeric fiber reinforced concrete exposed to fire. Rev. ALCONPAT 2020, 10, 36–52. [CrossRef]Sanchayan, S.; Foster, S.J. High temperature behaviour of hybrid steel–PVA fibre reinforced reactive powder concrete. Mater. Struct. Mater. Constr. 2016, 49, 769–782. [CrossRef]Choe, G.; Kim, G.; Gucunski, N.; Lee, S. Evaluation of the mechanical properties of 200 MPa ultra-high-strength concrete at elevated temperatures and residual strength of column. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 86, 159–168. [CrossRef]Zheng, W.; Wang, Y. Microstructure and mechanical properties of RPC containing PP fibres at elevated temperatures. Mag. Concr. Res. 2014, 66, 397–408. [CrossRef]Li, Y.; Pimienta, P.; Pinoteau, N.; Tan, K.H. Effect of aggregate size and inclusion of polypropylene and steel fibers on explosive spalling and pore pressure in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) at elevated temperature. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2019, 99, 62–71. [CrossRef]Gravit, M.; Golub, E. Increase of fire resistance of reinforced concrete structures with polypropylene microfiber. In MATEC Web of Conferences; EDP Sciences: Yulis, France, 2018. [CrossRef]Adesina, A. Overview of the in fl uence of waste materials on the thermal conductivity of cementitious composites. Clean Eng. Technol. 2020, 2, 100046. [CrossRef]Abid, M.; Hou, X.; Zheng, W.; Hussain, R.R. High temperature and residual properties of reactive powder concrete—A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2017, 147, 339–351. [CrossRef]Kodur, V.K.R.; Cheng, F.-P.; Wang, T.-C.; Sultan, M.A. Effect of strength and fiber reinforcement on fire resistance of high-strength concrete columns. J. Struct. Eng. 2003, 129, 253–259. [CrossRef]Bolina, F.L.; Gil, A.M.; Fernandes, B.; Hennemann, G.G.; Goncalves, J.; Tutikian, B.F. Influence of design durability on concrete columns fire performance. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 4968–4977. [CrossRef]Manica, G.C.; Bolina, F.L.; Tutikian, B.F.; Oliveira, M.; Moreira, M.A. Influence of curing time on the fire performance of solid reinforced concrete plates. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2020, 9, 2506–2512. [CrossRef]Lee, N.K.; Koh, K.T.; Park, S.H.; Ryu, G.S. Microstructural investigation of calcium aluminate cement-based ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) exposed to high temperatures. Cem. Concr. Res. 2017, 102, 109–118. [CrossRef]Morales, D.S.; Ríos, J.D.; La Concha, A.M.D.; Cifuentes, H.; Jiménez, J.R.; Fernández, J.M. Effect of moderate temperatures on compressive strength of ultra-high performance concrete: A microstructurak analysis. Cem. Concr. Res. 2021, 140, 19. [CrossRef]Peng, G.F.; Chan, S.Y.N.; Anson, M. Chemical kinetics of C-S-H decomposition in hardened cement paste subjected to elevated temperatures up to 800 ◦C. Adv. Cem. Res. 2001, 13, 47–52. [CrossRef]Xuan, D.X.; Shui, Z.H. Rehydration activity of hydrated cement paste exposed to high temperature. Fire Mater. 2011, 35, 481–490. [CrossRef]Kahanji, C.; Ali, F.; Nadjai, A. Experimental study of ultra-high performance fibre reinforced concrete under ISO 834 fire. In Proceeding of the Ninth International Conference on Structures in Fire, Princeton, NJ, USA, 8–10 June 2016; DEStech Publications, Inc.: Lancaster, PA, USA, 2016; Volume 165. [CrossRef]Zhang, Y.; Wei, Y.; Bai, J.; Wu, G.; Dong, Z. A novel seawater and sea sand concrete filled FRP-carbon steel composite tube column: Concept and behaviour. Compos. Struct. 2020, 246, 13. [CrossRef]Mehta, P.K.; Monteiro, P.J. Concreto microestrutura, propriedades e materiais. In Ibracon, 4th ed.; Ibracon: São Paulo, Brazil, 2014.131913© 2023 by the authors.Atribución 4.0 Internacional (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccesshttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf22024-11-13T08:00:19Z |
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