Divergências fonológicas e ortográficas em Parikwaki (Arawak)
This study examines phonological and orthographic divergences in Parikwaki (Arawak), a language spoken by the Palikur-Arukwayene people along the Brazil–French Guiana border. By analyzing proposals from various authors, the article highlights the complexity involved in representing the phonemes /g/...
| Autores: | , |
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| Tipo de recurso: | artículo |
| Estado: | Versión publicada |
| Fecha de publicación: | 2025 |
| País: | Brasil |
| Institución: | Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) |
| Repositorio: | Revista Liames (Online) |
| Idioma: | portugués |
| OAI Identifier: | oai:ojs.periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br:article/8679513 |
| Acceso en línea: | https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8679513 |
| Access Level: | acceso abierto |
| Palabra clave: | Orthography Phonology Parikwaki language Palikur-Arakwayene people Arawak family Ortografia Fonologia Língua parikwaki Povo Palikur-Arukwayene Família Arawak Ortografía Fonología Lengua parikwaki Pueblo Palikur-Arukwayene Familia Arawak |
| Sumario: | This study examines phonological and orthographic divergences in Parikwaki (Arawak), a language spoken by the Palikur-Arukwayene people along the Brazil–French Guiana border. By analyzing proposals from various authors, the article highlights the complexity involved in representing the phonemes /g/ and /ɣ/, whose analyses range from recognizing /ɣ/ as a distinct phoneme to omitting it altogether. These methodological divergences are reflected in orthographic choices: while recent proposals employ the graphemes and to represent /g/ and /ɣ/, respectively, earlier works reversed this correspondence. Our analysis reveals intergenerational variation: younger speakers tend to delete /ɣ/ in intervocalic position (e.g., [ku.'u.ku] for /ku.'ɣu.ku/ ‘rat’) and may also elide it in word-final position (e.g., [pa.ki]~[pa.kiˠ] for /pa.ˈkig/ ‘your aunt’), while consistently maintaining /g/ in the same context (e.g., [si.'gis.nɛ̃] for /si.'gis.nɛ/ ‘run’). Older speakers, in turn, preserve /ɣ/ with a softened articulation in intervocalic position ([ku.'ˠu.ku]) and tend to fricativize /g/ ([ka.'ɣã]~[ka.'ŋã] ‘bite’). In word-final position, the contrast is preserved (e.g., [pa.'kiɣ] ‘peccary’ vs. [pa.'kig] ‘your aunt’), reinforcing the phonemic relevance of /ɣ/. The inconsistent representation of loan graphemes (e.g. <f, l, j, z>) and the absence of consensus regarding their orthographic integration add further complexity to the standardization process. The article also addresses the vitality of Parikwaki, which is classified as potentially endangered due to the dominance of Portuguese in formal domains and a diglossic situation in which Parikwaki is largely restricted to community use. The need for language policies that actively engage speakers in the development of educational materials is emphasized, taking into account both historical dialectal variation (e.g., extinct clans that may have had their own dialects) and contemporary dynamics. The study concludes that an effective orthography must balance phonological criteria, generational shifts, and community participation in order to support the preservation of Parikwaki as a marker of identity for the Palikur-Arukwayene people. |
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